中日戰爭時期中日佛教護國思想的轉型：以佛教經典教義的詮釋為中心

本文旨在探討中日佛教的護國思想在中日戰爭時期的轉型特徵，探討戰時中日佛教界對於「經典」教義的重新詮釋，考察佛教僧侶所展現的「護國」思想與行為之意義。日本方面，自明治維新「神佛分離令」以來施行的神道國教化政策，試圖以「三條教則」及「教育勅語」將佛教統籌於「敬神愛國」的思想體制之下，日本佛教在抗爭與妥協的過程中，提出「佛教國益論」與「護國論」的主張。至中日戰爭時期，在大東亞共榮圈的意識形態下，部分日本佛教僧侶與學者發表的護國言論，及對聖德太子《十七條憲法》與八紘一宇的再解讀，反映出明治以來的皇國觀念潛移默化地持續存在於其思想中。中國方面，清末張之洞的《勸學篇》，為當時全國性的教育及學術思想準則，實行之際卻引發廟產興學運動，此風波延續至民初，此時中國佛教界尚處於內部「護法」與「護教」的階段，「護國」思想的體現並不明顯，至中日戰爭時期，面對外侮入侵，亡國意識的危機始激發中國僧侶顯露護國與救國的態度，對於報恩觀與《仁王護國經》，以及六波羅蜜、華嚴唯識與國民道德的新闡釋，均展現其護國思想及轉型的特徵。

關鍵字

護國思想；三條教則；《十七條憲法》；六波羅蜜；《仁王護國經》

並列摘要

This article aims to explore the transformative characteristics of patriotic thinking in Chinese and Japanese Buddhism during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-45). It specifically focuses on the wartime reinterpretation of "canonical" doctrines within the Chinese and Japanese Buddhist communities. The examination delves into the significance of "patriotic thoughts" (protecting the country) and actions demonstrated by Buddhist monks, shedding light on the reinterpreted meanings attached to Buddhist scriptures in the context of war. The wartime development of Chinese and Japanese Buddhism and the formation of their patriotic thoughts thus centered around a reinterpretation of Buddhist canonical doctrines. In Japan, the policy of establishing Shintoism as the national religion had been implemented since the Meiji Restoration, which tried to integrate Buddhism into the ideological framework of "Piety and Patriotism." This involved a reinterpretation of Buddhist doctrines through the "Three Guiding Principles of Shintō" (Sanjō kyōsoku) and the "Imperial Rescripts on Education," with an emphasis on the connection between Buddhism and national interest and on the role of Buddhism in promoting patriotism. During the Sino-Japanese War, under the ideological framework of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, some Japanese Buddhist monks and scholars expressed patriotic sentiments. Their statements on protecting the country, on reinterpreting Prince Shotoku's Seventeen Article Constitution, and on the concept of "Eight Corners of the World Under One Roof " (Hakkō Ichiu) reflected the lingering influence of the imperial state ideology that had persisted since the Meiji era. In China, Zhang Zhidong's Exhortation for Learning served as a nationwide educational and academic guideline during the late Qing Dynasty. However, its implementation sparked a movement of "confiscating temple properties to set up schools," which continued into the early years of the Republic. During this period the Chinese Buddhist community was still concerned about "protecting the Dharma" and "protecting the teachings" with little attention given to the ideology of "protecting the country." It was not until the outbreak of the Sino- Japanese War, facing foreign invasion and the crisis of national destruction, that a sense of patriotism began to stimulate the Chinese monks to express their views of protecting and saving the country. This was evident in their interpretations of the concept of repaying kindness, the Humane King Sutra, as well as their new explanations of the Six Paramitas, Hua-Yan, Yogacara and national morality. These developments illustrated the characteristics of patriotic thinking in a transformed Chinese Buddhism.