為何不需要一個世界政府？－霍布斯論國際關係與自然狀態的（不）完美類比

Why Not a World Government? Thomas Hobbes on a (Dis) Qualified Analogy between State of Nature and International Relations

周家瑜(Chia-Yu Chou)

《人文及社會科學集刊》 27卷3期 (2015/09) Pp. 445-470

摘要

本文的問題意識在於：為何證成了國內主權者的霍布斯，未能繼續完成其世界政府的推論，以及這是否是一個邏輯上的不一致。一般論者的回答可分兩種：一、認為行為主體（國家與個人）的差異使得國際政治領域遠較原初自然狀態緩和，因此不需要一個作為超級利維坦的世界政府；二、差異存在於行為主體之間的關係。本文主要論證為：這兩種回答均有不足之處，若是深入檢視霍布斯對於原初自然狀態的論述，本文試圖指出：原初自然狀態中的「人人認為自己較他人優越」的心態平等為回答此一疑問的關鍵。

關鍵字

霍布斯 ； 平等 ； 虛榮之心 ； 世界政府 ； 國際關係

並列摘要

In order to answer the long-standing question of why Hobbes does not justify a world government as a super-Leviathan, this paper examines Hobbes's accounts of international relations and the pre-civil state of nature. One common view tends to emphasize the differences between ＂the agents＂ in these two realms, namely states as artificial persons and individuals as natural persons; the other common view emphasizes the differences of ＂the relations between the agents＂. By re-examining Hobbes's account of the pre-civil state of nature, I argue that both of these common views are not sufficient. This essay intends to argue that if Hobbes's assumption of equality about the original state of nature is re-examined, it can be seen that what actually causes a state of war is not so much the equal ability of men as men's common tendency of considering themselves superior to others, namely vain-glory.

並列關鍵字

Hobbes ； equality ； vain-glory ； world government ； international relations

參考文獻

Abizadeh, Arash(2011).Hobbes on the Causes of War: A Disagreement Theory.American Political Science Review.105(2),298-315.

Caws, Peter(ed.)(1989).The Causes of Quarrel: Essays on Peace, War, and Thomas Hobbes.Boston:Beacon Press.

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Bull, Hedley(1977).The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics.New York:Palgrave.