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天人感應的神性權威及德治思想：帝王「罪己詔」的現象分析
The Divine Authority and Rule of Virtue in the Theory of Heaven-Human Induction: An Phenomenon Analysis of the Emperor's Repentance Article
摘要
「罪己」一詞於史籍中頻現，成為古代中國一種獨特的歷史文化現象。董仲舒提出的天人感應思想，使古代帝王正當性權威帶有強烈的天人觀，臣民從天象異變現象連結到帝王的作為，而帝王也將天象異變現象作為自我監督的一種型態，形成罪己詔的思想本質之一。而帝王透過罪己詔的佈達，正可表達出檢討過錯，對於天意順從的「自我道德檢討」行為，借以重新彰顯「德治」思想。中國古代帝王的罪己詔從政治功能上的面向來看，具有政權穩定、政策調整與安撫社會的高度工具性。在君臣制衡的影響上，臣子平時監督帝王的一言一行，從而在一定程度上促進了帝王的自省；或是臣子藉由檢視帝王下詔罪己後的行為，再次進行規勸，使帝王受到一定程度的制衡，這對於帝王自我德性與實施德治的作為上具有正面的效果。結論認為，古代帝王借「罪己詔」引申的治理智慧，可視為「借天機或危機」進行通盤政策檢視的一種思維模式，十分值得現代借鏡思考。
並列摘要
The term ＂Emperor's Repentance(罪己)＂ appears frequently in historical records and has become a unique historical and cultural phenomenon in ancient China. Dong, Zhong-shu(董仲舒) idea of Heaven-Human Induction(天人感應) gave the ancient emperor's legitimacy authority a strong view of Harmony of Man and Nature(天人合一), and his subjects were connected from celestial phenomena to the emperor's actions, and the emperors also regarded celestial phenomena as a form of self-supervision. One of the ideological essence that forms the Emperor's Repentance. And the emperor can express the fault of the review through the Buda who sins and imposes the edict, and the behavior of ＂self-moral review＂ of obedience to the will of God, in order to re-exhibit the ＂rule of virtue＂ thought. The Emperor's Repentance Article(罪己詔) does have a high degree of instrumentality for political stability, policy adjustment, and pacification of society. The is influenced by the checks and balances of the emperor and his ministers. The courtiers usually supervise the emperor's words and deeds, which promotes the emperor's self-examination to a certain extent; or the courtiers once again persuade the emperor by examining the behavior of the emperor's imperial court. , So that the emperor is subject to a certain degree of checks and balances, which has a positive effect on the emperor's self-ethics and the implementation of the rule of virtue. The author believes that the governance wisdom extended by the ancient emperors through the ＂ Repentance Article ＂ can be regarded as a mode of thinking for ＂ Use crisis ＂ to conduct a comprehensive policy review, and it is worthy of modern reflection.