清中期督撫職權行使之研究：滿漢畛域存否的剖析

滿人以少數民族入主中原，面對人數眾多的漢民族，二者之間明顯存在著緊張與矛盾的衝突。清初，滿清統治者利用一系列政策措施來調整滿漢關係，希望將滿漢關係調整到相對穩定的狀態。至清高宗乾隆時期，滿漢關係表面上已趨於緩和，呈現出融合態勢；但在檯面下卻是暗潮洶湧，隱藏難以化解的滿漢矛盾。清代督撫制度乃沿襲明代而來，並根據當時實際情況不斷演進。在清代，總督、巡撫是省一級的最高長官，集地方行政、司法、軍事、監察、教化等權於一身。督撫體制在清朝歷史上扮演關鍵的角色，可以說在一定程度上，清朝的中央集權所以能得到充分的發展，乃是因為督撫制度的建立和完善而致。早期出任地方督撫的漢臣不多，但隨著時間的演進，漢臣日益增多。觀察史實，在清中期以前，督撫的決策職權，幾乎都不受滿漢關係或身分的影響。多數時期，不分滿臣漢臣督撫，多是秉持君主意思來執行中央交代任務。清中葉以前，地方督撫明顯也無法與中央權力抗衡。所以，這段時期督撫的決策職權行為，可能比較偏向執行方面居多。一直要到清道光年間以後，面對內憂外患的加劇，清廷開始重用漢臣來應付一連串的亂事，督撫的權力才真正強化，擁有獨立完整的決策權。

關鍵字

滿漢關係；清代中期；總督巡撫；決策行為

並列摘要

Manchu entered the China as a minority, and faced with a large number of Han people, there was obviously tension and contradiction between them. At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Manchu rulers used a series of policies and measures to adjust Manchu-Han relations, hoping to adjust Manchu-Han relations to a relatively stable state. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong(乾隆) in the Qing Dynasty, the relationship between Manchu and Han had apparently eased and showed a trend of integration. However, under the table, it is a dark tide, hiding the contradiction between Manchu and Han that is difficult to resolve. The Tu-fu's system in the Qing Dynasty came from the Ming Dynasty and evolved according to the actual situation at that time. In the Qing dynasty, the Zongdu & Xunfu (總督巡撫)were the highest officials at the provincial level, and they had the power of local administration, justice, military affairs, supervision and education. The Tu-fu 's system played a key role in history of Qing dynasty. It can be said that to a certain extent, the centralization of power in the Qing Dynasty was fully developed because of the establishment and perfection of the Tu-fu's system. There were not many Han officials who served as local Tu-fu in the early days, but with the evolution of time, there were more and more Han officials. Observing the historical facts, before the mid-Qing Dynasty, the Tu-fu's decision-making authority was almost unaffected by the relationship between Manchu and Han. In most periods, regardless of the full minister, most of the Tu-fu carried out the tasks assigned by the central government with the will of the monarch. Before the middle of Qing dynasty, local governors obviously could not compete with the central power. Therefore, during this period, the Tu-fu's decision-making authority behavior may be more biased towards implementation. It was not until the light years after the Qing Dynasty that the Qing court began to reuse Han officials to deal with a series of chaos, and the power of the Tu-fu was really strengthened, with independent and complete decision-making power.