天人之應捷於影響：雍正皇帝對災害的政治性詮釋

Responsibility for Disasters: Political Interpretations about Calamities in Yong Zheng Period (1723-1735)

張繼瑩(Chi-Ying Chang)

《中國歷史學會史學集刊》 40期 (2008/09) Pp. 149-183

https://doi.org/10.29976/BHARC.200809.0006

摘要

本文針對雍正皇帝對災害出現時所做的政治詮釋進行分析。這種詮釋使今日之人得以窺見傳統政治中帝王如何運用天人感應的思想來實踐皇權。雍正皇帝的特殊之處在於他運用天人感應的災害詮釋建立皇帝對地方督撫的用人與表現負責，以及地方督撫對屬員的用人與表現負責之體系。並透過天災的警示來觀察地方官的治績，從而跳脫「官聲」的評價標準。由於天災的發生並不能預期，因此雍正皇帝詮釋時偶有失控的狀態。從雍正2年(1724)與8年(1730)兩則雍正皇帝試圖控制失控的事例來看，雍正皇帝喜歡用天人感應來詮釋政治，並不意味他可以藉此展現皇帝至高無上的地位，相對地他也一樣被這套思想綁著而必須略施手段及解釋說明各種狀況。然而對照漢代以天文現象做為詮釋天人感應方式，雍正皇帝選擇每年都會出現的災害來詮釋，雖然災害難以預測，但是災害意義卻可以由皇帝來自由發揮，達到雍正皇帝想要的政治目的。

關鍵字

天人感應 ； 政治詮釋 ； 雍正皇帝

並列摘要

What I focus on is that Political Interpretations about calamities from 1723 to 1735 A.D. Yong Zheng Emperor employed Interpretations to ask local administrators to pay attention to the metaphor of calamity, which were included in traditional China, and to be responsible for disasters. But disasters were not calculated, sometimes Yong Zheng Emperor's Interpretations were beyond his control. In most time, Yong Zheng Emperor was able to enforce his power by announcing his Interpretations about calamities, but from the cases in 1724 and 1730, his Interpretation also harmed his authority. In such tension, Yong Zheng Emperor tried to make his statement consistent to achieve his political aim.

並列關鍵字

Responsibility for Disasters ； Political Interpretation ； Yong Zheng Emperor

參考文獻

(1985)。清世宗實錄。北京:中華書局。

(1993)。雍正朝起居注冊。北京:中華書局。

張廷玉(1965)。明史。北京:中華書局。

(1980)。宮中檔雍正朝奏摺。台北:故宮博物院。

(1983)。景印文淵閣四庫全書。台北:台灣商務印書館。