摘要
曹操在漢末首舉義兵反卓，由艱困環境中奮鬥起家，其與天下群雄最大之差別，在於深知人才之爲用，故放手追求夫卞英傑，卒總攬北方豪俊，建立了史稱「文士如雲，戰將如林」的恢藺天才隊伍，助成功其統一北方之志業。綜觀其集團內人才成分，可謂不分地域、門戶、派系、貴賤、敵我，唯才是用，格局異常廣闊。然其集團既大。人才品流混雜，性格殊異，意識形態亦頗具紛歧，人事矛盾自亦相對複雜。曹操縱橫其間，運作各色人才，既績善盡眾人之長才以贊興真基業，又須防杜內部人事糾葛與反側，自非有絕佳領導統御之要領與手段不可。而攸關曹氏一生事業成敗的：「四大本謀」，率由操帳下謀士所獻謀畫策，足可作爲其知人善任之明證。是以諸葛亮先贊其「人謀」高超，孫權亦贊其「御將之能，自古少有」，而陳壽更贊評其爲「非常之人，超世之傑」。節使是素來輕鄙曹氏的宋儒洪邁，於探討曹操之知人善任時，亦不能不賦予其「實後世所難及」之崇高評價；由是概見曹操之領導統御必有洵然可觀之處，足供後人研析效法。 本文首先試圖藉大量統計《三國志•魏書》列傳所載曹氏官屬經歷，尋繹歸納，以架構出曹氏集團之組織概況及運作模式。其次，欲藉列傳所載曹操與其集團人物之互動關係，探討曹氏有關愛才、識才、求才、用才、容才與護才等各方面之統御領導要領。進而細緻推敲，曹操如何運用人事與制度的巧妙設計，將國家名器逐步悉數納入個人掌握，作爲其恩賞功臣、厚植黨羽的有力工具；變漢官爲魏官、化漢爵爲魏爵，終於建構成功強固的權力核心及私人全槃控御自如的人才梯隊。曹操雖未及身稱帝，但他所建構成功的政軍體系，卻早已潛移漢鼎，隨時可以代漢而立矣。
並列摘要
Tsaur Tsau was the first to rebel against Doong Jwo's regime in the waning years of Hann Dynasty, and struggled through great obstacles and difficulties to his success. What set him apart from his contemporaries was his deep appreciation of the importance of elite. He actively pursued the elite of his time and collected every talent from the north to form a team of elite, which was later described as having ”literates as numerous as the clouds and warriors as many as the woods”. Eventually, this team was able to help him accomplish his goal of reunifying the north. In his group, people were of various origins, families, clans, social statuses, and rivalries. Differences in social class, personal characteristics, and ideology had contributed to a complicated inter-personal situation. But Tsaur was able to reconcile the differences, to apply the strong suits of each and every member of his team, and to avoid potential conflicts and possible betrayals. This demonstrated Tsaur's outstanding leadership and resourcefulness. The fact that his think-tank alone worked out the ”Four Basic Strategies”, which was quintessential to Tsaur's success, was proof enough of his extraordinary ability to lead and manage such a big and complicated group. JuGer appraised Tsaur as being great at ”people management”; while Suen Chyuan called him ”a rare genius in handling his generals”. Chern Show commented him as an ”unusual person, well above his contemporaries”. Even Song Dynasty's Homg May, who despised Tsaur, had to concede that Tsaur was ”a difficult act to follow”, when commenting on Tsaur's ability to recognize and manage talents, It is obvious that Tsaur's leadership and governing techniques is outstanding, and is worthwhile to study. In this article, we will first study and analyze the governmental service records of Tsaur's subordinates, contained in their respective ”Chronicle of Three Nations” and ”The Book of Wey” biographies, to establish the organization and operation of Tsaur's group. Secondly, we will analyze the interactions between Tsaur and his group to study Tsaur's leadership and governing techniques: the so-called ”appreciating talents, knowing talents, seeking talents, applying talents, tolerating talents, and protecting talents”, Finally, we will investigate how Tsaur, through tactful personnel appointments and manipulation of the system, step by step, transferred the control of state resources to himself. These resources were later used to reward Tsaur's followers, to convert Hans officials to become Wey officials, and to transform Hann honorary to Wey honorary. As such, Tsaur gradually built up a solid power structure and a personally controlled talent pool. Although Tsaur, throughout his life, had never proclaimed the throne, but all the Hann's military and political infrastructures had been infiltrated, and waiting to be taken.