餓鄉之旅―瞿秋白在俄國的觀察(1920~1922)

瞿秋白作為中國共產黨早期領袖之一、馬克思主義理論宣傳家，在其短暫的生命中，曾兩度前往共產俄國考察工作。就中國共產黨的史觀而言，第一次的俄國之行―「餓鄉之旅」，是其成為馬克思主義者的關鍵。就瞿秋白個人而言，在五四運動的浪潮之下，他以十月革命的嚮往者之姿，利用記者的身分前往考察，歷經兩年的「餓鄉」生活，他加入了共產黨後返國投入中國共產革命運動。而實際上作為一位馬克思主義者，瞿秋白的文人氣息、「紳士階級」意識、「小資產階級」心態，歷經二年來的「餓鄉的錘煉」和「赤國的鍛鑄」，並無法洗滌盡淨。而他自己在生命的盡頭所寫「最後的告白」－〈多餘的話〉，認為自己一生十五年的共產革命運動，可說是一個「歷史的誤會」。如若對照其在「餓鄉之旅」所寫的《餓鄉紀程》與《赤都心史》二書，便不難理解上述說法。本文嘗試擬就瞿秋白二年的「餓鄉」考察報導，以及十月革命嚮往者的心路歷程作品，說明其「餓鄉之旅」在其個人及當代中國的歷史意義。

關鍵字

瞿秋白；餓鄉之旅；多餘的話；路程與心程；共產主義之人間化

並列摘要

Chu Qiu-bai was the expert of Marxist theory in the early Chinese Communist Party and as one of the leaders in Chinese Communist Party. He had twice to come to Soviet Russia for experiencing the life of Bolshevik Revolutionary Russia. In the point of view in Chinese Communist Party, the first journey in Russia which was the turning point period for Chu Qiu-bai, because had been a member of Chinese Communist Party in Moscow. But for the individual factor, Chu Qiu-bai acted as an admirer of Bolshevik Revolution during the May Fourth Movement, with the role of a journalist to experience the life of Soviet Russia for two years, and to be a Communist for returning to Fatherland to his carrier of Communist Movement at last. As a Marxist, Chu Qiu-bai's individual character had not lost his tastes and sentiments of intellectual (win-zen), gentry (sheng-shi) and little bourgeoisie after the tough experiences of hungry-red land in two years. He had written the last words-Superfluous Words during the end of his life. The last document wrote his fifteen Communist careers which was a misconception of history eventually. If contrasting this document with A Journey to the Land of Hunger and History of the Heart in the Red Capital which he had written in the first journey of Soviet Russia, we will not be surprised at all. This Paper try to utilize these two books and journalist reports by Chu Qiu-bai in the period of Soviet Russia, in order to understand the historical meanings of his ”Journey to the Land of Hunger” for his individuality and contemporary China.