宋代州縣長吏的舉留

地方民眾為表揚長吏的善政，會銜名列狀向朝廷乞請借留長吏續任。不過，就借留者的身分而言，唐宋還是存有一些差異。在唐代，原由耆老、吏人等階級為主，逐漸擴及至僧道、將吏僚屬；至宋代，限制將吏僚屬的借留權，改由寄居官員、進士等士紳參與舉留活動，反應出唐宋地方社會領導者身分的不同性。舉留長吏，既是地方民情輿論的要求，也是久任官員理想的做法。州縣長吏若遷轉太快，勢必不利於地方政務的推動，且造成吏卒的送往迎來，浪費公帑。若讓賢能的地方長吏得以久任其職，不但有利政務的運做，百姓也得以安居樂業。然宋廷在聽取民意的同時，必須瞭解被舉留的長吏是否真有善政，制定一套完整的稽核、審查制度。地方士民在銜名列狀中，明確列舉長吏的善政，候監司巡視該地時，才能向部使者陳請借留；監司審核後保薦申報給朝廷，經尚書省、吏部審查，由皇帝做出最後的裁量。不依此程序舉留者，會受到相對的懲處。然而，隨著入仕人數的增加，使得現有職闕不足以注授待闕者，造成部分的地方長吏利用舉留機制，謀取本身的資序職闕，威迫民眾至京師或監司借留，或與有力人士者相互勾結。對此形勢，宋廷只能不斷修改既有的規定，並加強對被借留長吏政績的察核，以因應實際及理想上的需求。

關鍵字

舉留；借留；長吏；民意；士人；待闕

並列摘要

In order to praise the outstanding governance of the magistrates, the local residents would request the imperial court to appoint the magistrates to continue their posts by listing their titles and deeds in the memorial to the throne. The appointment and retention of long-term magistrates were not only a request of local public opinion, but also an ideal practice for long-serving magistrates. If prefecture and county magistrates were transferred rapidly, it was definitely not conducive to the appointment of local government affairs and would cause frequent transfer of officials and waste of public funds. If capable local magistrates could hold their posts for a long time, it would not only be beneficial to the operation of government affairs, but also the local residents would be able to live and work in peace and contentment. However, while listening to public opinion, the imperial court of the Song Dynasty had to know whether the magistrates who were appointed and retained had contributed to outstanding governance. Therefore, there was a complete audit and review system. In the memorial to the throne where the titles and deeds of magistrates were listed, the local scholars had to explicitly list the outstanding governance of the magistrates. When the Superintendent inspected the area, they could ask the envoy to retain the magistrate. After review by the supervisory department, the memorial to the throne would be submitted to the imperial court and reviewed by the Imperial Secretariat and Ministry of Personnel. In the end, the emperor would make the final decision. Magistrates who did not follow this procedure would be punished accordingly. However, with the increase in the number of officials, the existing positions were insufficient to confer to those waiting for the positions, causing some local magistrates to use the appointment and retention mechanism to seek their priority for positions. This phenomenon forced the public to go to the capital or supervisory department to report whether certain magistrates should be appointed/retained or not or to collude with powerful people. In consideration of this situation, the imperial court of the Song Dynasty could only continuously revise the existing regulations and strengthen the inspection of the achievements of the magistrates who were appointed and retained to meet the actual and ideal needs.