- 期刊
循貫亞古輪科技文明軌跡為輥壓工具尋根
Tracing Trans-Asia Ancient Wheels Technology Civilization for the Genesis of Rolling Tools
摘要
從工程科技考古之角度，依材料－設計－製造三位一體之原則回顧自北歐到中國間重要之古輪遺藏文獻，並經由界限法強化統合趨勢之鑑別，本研究顯示類輪之石、陶土與木質之圓盤型之迴旋工具在公元前4000－3500年即存在。公元前3000年左右烏魯克即出現了木製四輪戰車。野驢拉之騎坐式輕形戰車在公元前2500年出現於西亞。屬此同時期而結構設計先進之外高加索大木輪蓬車在亞美尼亞境內出土。屬於公元前1800年左右，車輻數達10，直徑達一米而技術來源不明之雙馬拉木輪車在烏拉山東麓南端出土。屬於公元前1300年左右，車輻數達12，兼具埃及、西亞及外高加索技術色彩之先進木車輪在蘇沙神廟遺址出土。同屬此時期，但是具有最多車輻數（達20）之曠古發明係在安陽之車馬坑出土。依據甲古文及圖騰史推斷，古中國在公元前2500年即應發明了車輪。其獨特之設計風格至秦始皇時（公元220年）發揚至極。據上述發展史評斷，巴格達與科墟之皇墓出土，屬於公元前2750年的滾柱印章應代表手動式輥壓工具之始組；過盈配合以及磨擦對等迴轉元件設計觀念普遍應用則遠早於公元前3000年。古輪科技文明發展非常緩慢，但是多中心的。探索這類課題，時空演變之動態特性在我們建構次位能流之統合模型中應予強調。
並列摘要
By virtual of materials-design-manufacturing triad based on prospect of engineering archeology, the paper offers critical review on notable artifacts of ancient wheels unearthed from territory extendial from Nordic countries to China. Result of integrated trend assessment augmented by bounding method confirms that wheel-like whirl discs made of stone, earthen and wooden materials existed by 4000-3500 BCE. War wagon designed with four solid wooden wheels emerged around 3000 BCE in Urük. Primitive onager-drown straddle carts emerged around 2500 BCE. Contemporaneously, Trans-Caucasian hooded wagon with large wooden wheels exhibiting advanced structure design unearthed in current Armenia. Around 1800 BCE, two horse-drawn chariots having wooden wheels up to ten radial spokes were discovered on the eastern slope of southern Urals, whereas its technology source is still a myth. By c1300 BCE, sophisticated wooden wheel of twelve spokes exhibiting mixed attributes of Egypt, West Asia and Trans-Caucasus appeared in Susa. However, the unprecedented high number of radial spokes (twenty) only appeared in An-Yang at this time. Citing Jia-Gu Uăn and totemic history, we maintain that Chinese carts with solid wooden wheels could be invented as early as 2500 BCE. Her unique design doctrine remained largely indigenous and reached unprecedented splendor during the Chin (Qin) dynasty of c220 BCE. In the passing, cylindrical seals of Baghdad and Kish in ancient Iraq belonged to 2750 BCE should duly represent the genesis of manual rolling tools, whereas concepts of interference fit and friction pair for rolling element design had been exercised long before 3000 BCE. Therefore, Trans-Asia wheels technology civilization emerged slowly from multiple centers can be confirmed. Dynamic spatial-temporal characteristics should be treated as a salient attribute in our unified pseudo-potential flow model for embarking on this class of problem.