負死而生：海德格與托爾斯泰之現象學關聯

Carrying Death in One's Life: A Phenomenological Liaison between Heidegger and Tolstoy

戴遠雄(TAI Yuen-Hung)

《中山人文學報》 55期 (2023/07) Pp. 103-128

摘要

本文分析海德格在《存在與時間》裏引述托爾斯泰的小說《伊凡‧伊里奇之死》可能有的涵義。通過把二人的作品交錯閱讀，開發海德格哲學裏尚未明言的倫理意涵。本文首先分析海德格和托爾斯泰指出日常狀態如何掩蓋人們會死的事實。接著分析二人向死存在之含義，並指出向死存在提供了人們契機去改變其存在狀態。最後會指出海德格的哲學包含負死而生的觀點，代表承擔他人之死的倫理態度。

關鍵字

海德格 ； 托爾斯泰 ； 現象學 ； 死亡 ； 倫理

並列摘要

My paper analyzes the significance of Tolstoy's The Death of Ivan Ilyich in Heidegger's Being and Time. By detecting similar thoughts about death in these two authors, I argue that the ethical thinking, which remains unclarified in Heidegger, can become much more explicit. I begin by demonstrating the ways in which the everyday attitude obscures the potential approach of death at any moment. Then, I proceed to elaborate on Heidegger's notion of Being-towards-death with reference to the relevant episodes in Tolstoy's novel, emphasizing that Being-towards-death offers a crucial opportunity to surpass one's everyday attitude and confront one's own possibility of death. In the end, aided by Tolstoy's particular plot, I contend that we can further develop Heidegger's ethical thinking by asserting that carrying the impending death of other individuals in one's own life motivates individuals to care for them, thus providing a healing effect.

並列關鍵字

Heidegger ； Tolstoy ； phenomenology ； death ； ethics

參考文獻

Bernet, Rudolf (1996) “The Other in Myself.” Simon Critchley and Peter Dews (eds.): Deconstructive Subjectivities (Albany: State University of New York Press), 169-184.

張燦輝(2020) 《存在之思：早期海徳格與勞思光思想硏究》（香港：中華書局）。Cheung Chan-Fai (2020) Cunzai zhisi: Zaoqi Heidegger yu Lao Sze-kwang sixiang yanjiu [Thinking of Being: Studies of Early Heidegger’s and Lao Sze-kwang’s Thoughts] (Hong Kong: Chunghwa Book Company).

Crowell, Steven Galt (1997) “Neighbors in Death.” Research in Phenomenology, 27.1: 208-223.

Crowell, Steven Galt (2005) “Subjectivity: Locating the First Person in Being and Time.” Heidegger’s Being and Time: Critical Essays. Ed. Richard Polt (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers), 117-139.

Dastur, Françoise (1996) Death: An Essay on Finitude. Trans. John Llewelyn (Atlantic Highlands: Athlone).