同善社早期的特點及在雲南的發展(1912-1937)：兼談其與「鸞壇」、「儒教」的關係

同善社是姚濟蒼等人於民國六年正式向北京政府立案設立的，經過賀靜安、雷應霆等的努力，數年間傳佈中國，成爲民國時期重要的民間宗教。該教淵源於四川禮門，創教者是彭迴龍。本文利用《同善總社傳單彙編》、《中和文集》等教內外資料，首先嘗試討論同善社的早期特點及其在雲南的發展情況。其次敘述同善社與雲南鸞壇的關係。再者分析他們與雲南孔教的關連。最後討論彭迴龍的「國學專修館」理念，與「無錫國學專修館」及唐文治的「無錫國專」的關係。本文希望透過這個個案來探索民國時期教門、鸞堂與儒教的互動過程，及思考民國初期的國學熱與當時，尊孔的民間教門、鸞壇等團體的關連。

關鍵字

同善社；彭迴龍；楊覲東；鸞堂；國學專修館

並列摘要

The Tongshanshe was formally registered with the Beijing government by Yao Jicang (fl.1920) in 1917. Owing to the efforts of He Jing'an (f l.1920), Lei Yingting (f l.1920), and others, it spread over all of China within a few years, becoming an important religious movement of the Republican period. This religion originated in Confucian circles of Sichuan province, its founder being Peng Huilong (1873-1950?). On the basis of texts from within and outside the Tongshanshe, such as the Tongshan zongshe chuandan huibian and the Zhonghe wenji, the present study first seeks to discuss the early characteristics of the Tongshanshe and its development in the province of Yunnan, especially the role of local elite Yang Jindong (f l.1920). It then describes the relationship between the Tongshanshe and Yunnan spirit-writing shrines, and analyzes their links to Confucianism in Yunnan. Finally, it discusses the ideas informing Peng Huilong's ”National Studies Training Institute” (Guoxue zhuanxiuguan), as well as the relationship between the ”Wuxi National Studies Training Institute” with Tang Wenzhi's ”Wuxi National Studies Training School” (Wuxi guozhuan). This essay hopes to use these cases to study the mutual influences among Republican period redemptive societies, spirit-writing cults, and Confucianism, as well as the connections between the rising interest in ”national studies” during the early Republic and pro-Confucian popular sects, spirit-writing shrines, and other organizations.