從「顏回之死」看孔子的情感經驗

本文首先要探討的是孔子如何理解和思考死亡的問題，在此基礎上，將對孔子面對「顏回之死」時的情感反應和生存經驗進行分析。其中，會涉及先秦儒家如何思考「情感與死亡」之間的關聯這一重要的哲學問題。倘若仔細考察《論語》文本，不難發現，其中存在著兩條探討死亡問題的進路：第一種進路是對死亡作為一事件的認知和理解；第二種進路是自我對他人之死的親身經驗。在涉及對他人之死的親身經驗時，則有孔子面對「顏回之死」這一事件時的「慟哭」。一「慟」字活化了孔子當時的情感反應。與此同時，筆者發現，在《左傳》中出現「餘恐死」和「懼其死」的言說，而在《論語》中，孔子從未談論自我對一己之死的情感經驗，其後亦罕有以「恐、懼」來言說自我面對自己和他人之死時的情感反應。

關鍵字

情感經驗；親身體驗；顏回之死；慟哭；恐；懼

並列摘要

This article starts from investigating the way Confucius understands and reflects upon death. Based on conclusions derived from the above investigation, I will analyze Confucius' emotional reaction and existential experience as he faced Yan Hui's death. My discussion mainly focuses on the important philosophical problem of how the thinkers in the Pre-Qin period reflect upon the relationship between emotion and death.If we read the ”Lunyu” carefully, it is not difficult to find two ways to approach the problem of death. The first one is to take death to be a fact, such that it is through understanding that one knows what death means; the second one concerns the first-person experience of directly facing the death of one's beloved person. The second approach is radically different from the first. That's why having known Yan hui's death, Confucius cried bitterly. At the same time, I find that in ”Zuozhuan” statements like ”I am afraid of death” and ”I fear his/her death” In ”Lunyu”, however, Confucius never told his disciples anything about his emotion toward his own death. In the time after Confucius, the emotional reaction toward one's or others' death is scarcely characterized as fear.