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整合協同經營與里山倡議的森林治理－以阿禮與大武部落生態旅遊及資源保育為例
Integrating Co-management and the Satoyama Initiative for Forest Governance: Community-Based Ecotourism and Conservation of Adiri and Labuwan
摘要
臺灣土地面積約有六成是森林，廣大森林孕育豐富的生態系，並與社會及經濟發展密不可分。然而傳統由國家主導的森林治理模式，造成政府與原住民族的對立，也不利於原住民族的社會文化及生態環境的發展。為了改善這些問題，政府與原住民族協同經營(共管)森林在2000年初期開始成為新的政策目標。近年來，臺灣在自然資源管理的制度面上逐漸調整，也已出現不少有關研究及政策建議，然而目前共管權責制度及理論的落實仍面臨許多挑戰，在實際操作上也缺乏具體策略及案例。本文主張「協同經營」與「里山倡議」應被加以整合，並以屏東縣阿禮、大武部落為案例，透過參與式行動研究，探討部落生態旅遊及林下經濟發展歷程中如何與公部門、大學、非政府組織(NGOs)相互合作。本研究發現，里山倡議對生活－生產－生態一體的強調，可促進部落和官方形成共識基礎。部落在生態旅遊、農業復振的過程中，也能進行文化復振、培力及強化部落自主力。將傳統智慧與現代科技整合，將有助於自然資源的永續發展，也能和現代森林治理進行結合。而部落在生活及傳統領域從事資源保育的努力，也需要政府及社會給予長期的支持及保障。
並列摘要
Approximately 60% of the land area in Taiwan is covered by forests. The forests have diverse ecosystems and are closely related to Taiwan's social and economic development. However, stateled forest governance has led to conflicts between indigenous peoples and the government, undermining the social, cultural, and environmental development of indigenous peoples. To address these problems, the co-management of forests by both indigenous peoples and the government has been promoted as a new policy goal in Taiwan since the early 2000s. In recent years, there have been gradual institutional adjustments of Taiwan's natural resource management as well as academic studies and policy suggestions for co-management. Nevertheless, there is still a large gap between theories and practices in environmental co-management and a lack of practical strategies and examples. We argue that the ＂Satoyama Initiative＂ should be integrated with co-management to improve forest governance based on our 2 case studies. Following a participatory action research approach, we worked closely with the Adiri and Labuwan communities in Pingtung, southern Taiwan, to explore how indigenous communities can develop ecotourism and agroforestry through collaborations with governments, universities, and non-governmental organizations. We found that the symbiotic relationship of community life, economy, and ecology promoted in the Satoyama Initiative can facilitate consensus building among indigenous communities and the government. The ecotourism planning process also serves as a strategy for cultural revitalization and local empowerment. Additionally, integration of traditional ecological knowledge and science can be used to develop sustainable forest management practices. As indigenous communities have experienced increases in incidents of theft and intrusion into their living space and traditional territories, this study calls attention to appropriate legal protection for indigenous communities' conservation efforts and sovereignty.