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小果油茶經營成本效益調查與分析
Survey and Cost-Benefit Analysis of Camellia brevistyla Management
摘要
近年來由於食安問題引發民眾對食用油品質之重視，發展油茶產業生產苦茶油不但可以提供國人健康安全的在地食用油，此外，油茶根系深且廣，具有保水作用，因此在調整耕作制度活化農地計畫和檳榔廢園轉作計畫，均將油茶列為獎勵栽植樹種。本研究利用訪談方式調查小果油茶的生產成本與收益，應用淨現值、內部報酬率與敏感度分析等方法，研究油茶投資的效益。結果顯示盛產期茶籽年產量1500 kg×ha^(-1)以上，40年期滿的淨現值達533,922元以上，投資的內部報酬率高於9.6%以上，均屬可行的經營方案。但年產量1500 kg×ha^(-1)的回收期長達20年，恐降低農民的經營意願，敏感度分析結果顯示年產量2500 kg×ha^(-1)以上，不但可提早於第13年開始有正收益，且受到成本、豐欠年及含油率等外在環境變動的影響較小，即便欠年產量減少70%時淨現值仍呈現正值。建議為達到穩定的經濟收益，未來應以品種改良為優先措施，於舊有茶林施行嫁接豐產品系、新植茶園選擇豐產品種。此外，研究發現含油率變動對淨現值的影響最大，可加強教育農民合理施肥、撫育、改善油茶生長狀態，提升整體的產油量，以提高油茶生產的效益。
並列摘要
In recent years, food security issues have focused public awareness on edible oils. By boosting the oil-tea camellia industry, the production of camellia seed oil can provide healthy, safe, locally produced edible oil. In addition, as camellias grow, they form deep roots for anchorage. The wide-spreading fibrous root systems of camellias have an outstanding water-retention capacity. Therefore, subsidies are paid to promote the planting of oil-tea camellia in projects to adjust farming systems and activate agricultural land use, and to alter farming practices after abandoning betel-nut plantations. This study conducted interview surveys on production costs and profits of Camellia brevistyla. The benefits of investing on oil-tea camellia were measured by the net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and a sensitivity analysis. Results indicated that with a peak harvest, the annual production of oil-tea camellia seeds reached ≥1500 kg×ha^(-1). Forty years of planting yielded an NPV of as much as NT$533,922 in total. The IRR of the investment was as high as 9.6%. Hence, the investment proved to be a feasible management project. Although the 20-year payoff period for an output of 1500 kg×ha^(-1) might lower farmers' willingness to participate in the project, results of the sensitivity analysis showed that positive returns could be yielded as early as the 13^(th) year of cultivation if the annual output could be increased to more than 2500 kg×ha^(-1). In case of a lean crop year with a drop in the annual output of 70%, the NPV might still be positive, because of changes in the external environment, such as costs, a bumper crop year or crop lean year, or oil content, having little impact on the NPV. It is advised to prioritize improvements in camellia varieties in order to achieve stable economic profits: grafting of high-yield breeds in older tea groves and cultivating high-yield breeds in new tea grove plantations. Moreover, the study discovered that the NPV is most affected by the volatility of the oil content. To cope with that, education for farmers on applying adequate fertilizers, tending, and ameliorating conditions for oil-tea camellia cultivation should be enhanced. With the total volume of oil production being boosted, the production of oil-tea camellia can effectively yield high benefits.