- 期刊
工業文明、理性秩序與自由主義：從柯靈烏的日耳曼群氓說談民主的野蠻
Industrial Civilisation, Rational Order and Liberalism: On the Barbarity of Democracy from Collingwood's German Herd Discourse
摘要
20世紀的殘酷戰爭，為歐洲文明帶來了眾多挑戰。身為歷史與政治思想學者，柯靈烏爬梳了歐洲文明的發展軌跡，以及現代歐洲野蠻主義（barbarism）興起的條件。隨著理性思想和工業技術文化的蓬勃發展，柯靈烏認為，歐洲文明固有的文明性（civility）卻弔詭地逐漸失去了化育自身的沃土，而正是在此歐洲文明遭遇危機的處境下，德意志邦國為追求政治自由與獨立所創造的民族神話，成為了納粹德國假借民主程序掌權的契機。就此而言，柯靈烏提出的「日耳曼群氓說」（German Herd Discourse）固然帶有英法西歐文明對德意志文化的歧見，但依柯靈烏之見，野蠻主義非只會發生在特定的民族場域裡，而可從任何自由民主政體中萌發。準此，本文將透過梳理柯靈烏針對歐洲文明和野蠻主義發展的過程及條件所做辨析，探討柯靈烏從人類心智的理性與情感，以及現代政治運作的貴族和民主原則兩個面向，來解釋文明與野蠻、自由與民主之交錯關聯的哲學論述。在此世界政局紛擾之際，柯靈烏對於文明與野蠻、自由與民主提出的深刻洞見與警語，或值得吾人深思。
並列摘要
The brutal wars of the 20th century have had a profound impact on European civil societies. As a historian and a political thought scholar, Collingwood explored the developmental process of European civilisation and the conditions for modern European barbarianism. In Collingwood's view, the vital foundation of European civilisation's civility had gradually died away when Enlightenment thought and the industrial technological culture emerged. Taking this crisis of European civilisation as the background, Collingwood considered it to be one of the conditions for the Nazis to seize power via democratic procedures by means of their propaganda based on the myth of the German nation, which was allegedly created for the independence and autonomy of the Germans. Indeed, the German Herd Discourse developed in Collingwood's analysis had its prejudices owing to his Anglo-French cultural background. However, for Collingwood barbarism was not confined to a certain national circumstance, but was rather a phenomenon which can appear in each liberal democratic regime. This article thus explores Collingwood's analysis of the development of European civilisation and the conditions for barbarism, while also discussing Collingwood's study of the rational and non-rational aspects of the human mind and its relationship with the two principles of modern politics, namely, the aristocracy and democratic principles. In addition, this study probes into how Collingwood articulated the close connections between civilisation and barbarity, and liberty and democracy, through his work and analysis. As we are now living in a turbulent time, Collingwood's findings regarding the nature of civilisation and barbarity and of liberty and democracy may give us further insights.