笑話／文化•漢化／和化江戶漢文笑話中所凸顯出的文化思想意涵

若說兩千年前便已經傳至日本的漢字，要歷時六百多年後才能真正為日本人所用，又漢文訓讀這一讀漢籍法，要到江戶時代才開花結果，則江戶時代中期以還所出現的漢文笑話集，實堪稱是日本在其自身之漢字、漢文土壤與歷史中，應時代要求而綻放出的漢／和文化花朵。而其同時又是大和民族以一種「遊趣」之心而來「消遣」中國文化的健全平民百姓姿態。換言之，漢文笑話堪稱是源起於中國，結果於日本，依據「遊趣」心而創造出的日本庶民文化。本文以江戶中期以還問世之五本笑話集《譯準開口新語》、《奇談一笑》、《囨譚》、《如是我聞》、《奇譚新編》為考察對象，分別就職業嘲諷、戲謔女性、輕蔑鄉野、歪曲儒典等四個主題，析論江戶漢文笑話之主題內容與書寫技巧。進而探討江戶漢文笑話所具有的文化思想意涵，可歸納為漢學者的「民間」位置、真實人性的復權、男性觀察下的女性解讀等三個重點。最後則由語言漢化／思想和化現象這一視角，釐清江戶漢文笑話背後所具有的複雜、豐富文化思想意涵。指出我們應該將漢文笑話視為江戶戲作文學之一環，以及漢文笑話乃是「漢化」下的「和化」轉向，是一種語言與思想上的以「反漢化」為目的的「漢化」，是在以「和聲」顛覆「漢文」。

關鍵字

漢文笑話；雅；俗；漢化；和化

並列摘要

If the Kanji which was introduced into Japan in 2000 years ago should spend 600 years being used generally by Japanese, and kundoku that is a way to read Chinese classics had fruition in Edo era at last, then kanbun jokes in middle of Edo era is a flower of culture in the earth of Japanese history. At same time, it is the appearance of Japanese pleasure to amuse Chinese culture. In another word, kanbun jokes are popular culture which originated in China, matured in Japan and is created by pleasure. I aimed to ”Yakujunkaikoushingo” (『訳準開口新語』)、”Kidanissyou” (『奇談一笑』)、”Hentan” (『囨譚』)、”Nyozegamon” (『如是我聞』)、”Kitanshinpen” (『奇譚新編』) to analyze the content and skill of kanbun jokes in Edo era through the four subjects: sneering at jobs, bantering with women, looking down on country and twisting around the Confucian classics. And then I showed that the thought of kanbun jokes have three points: Confucians' civilian state, the restitution of human nature and the understanding of women from men’s view. Finally I clarified the thought of kanbun jokes in Edo era from the angle of the sinicization of language and the japanization of thought. I pointed out that kanbun jokes as a part of popular stories, and they are the japanization under the sinicization, they are the sinicization which was anti-Chinese in language and thought. They subverted the Chinese by Japanese.