- 期刊
從六朝時期的三教關係透析世界宗教大同理想
An Analysis of Global Religious Concord on Basis of Relationships among Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism in the Six Dynasties Era
摘要
包括宗教在內的中國文化，經過其早期發展，從周秦至東漢末，局面又為之一變：隨著儒家名教權威的失落，帶有道家色彩的魏晉玄學開始登上思想文化的歷史舞臺；此時期的佛教亦經過初期的傳播，在中國獲得了空前發展；在佛教的刺激下，中國的早期道教也逐漸擺脫了原始狀態而進入成熟階段。於是，包括宗教思想在內的中國文化的格局，在六朝時期，又重新獲得多元化的發展，形成了儒釋道三教並行、衝突、互動和融合的新局面。魏晉六朝三教互動、互融的文化及宗教的發展，一直貫穿在以後文化歷史的發展中，並由此構成中華民族精神發展史和中國歷史與文明穩定發展的基石。目前，世界許多地都存在著因宗教、思想和文化的差異及不同而發生矛盾、衝突、甚至戰爭。相反，在中國歷史上，儒釋道三家卻始終存在著「和而不同」、「存異求同」、「互補共存」，乃至「三教為一」的歷史事實。這一事實本身，可以構成或昭示我們對世界乃至人類文明追尋「宗教大同」理想的文化座標或參考尺度。本文擬從六朝的三教關係中，從五個方面揭示上述尋求「宗教大同」理想的歷史借鑒和三教融合的理論及事實證明：（一）三教對人的本性本質的認識；（二）對因果報應和形神關係的認識；（三）對生死、苦樂及生命價值認識；（四）對社會倫理和道德觀念的認識；（五）對個人與群體、出世與入世的認識。
並列摘要
Chinese culture includes religion, it developed from the early stage of Chou dynasty and Chin dynasty, and it changed in the end of East Han dynasty. While the authority of Confucianism was vanishing, the metaphysics of Wei and Jin Dynasties colored with Daoism appeared on the historical stage of culture. The Buddhism was also spreading and developed in the Chinese society at that time. With the stimulation of Buddhism thought, the Chinese Daoism transformed from aboriginal to mature phase. Thus, there was a time of conflicts, interaction arid fusion among Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism. Since Wei, Jin and the Six dynasties, the interaction and fusion among Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism had been developing and become a very fundamental and important basis in Chinese history and culture. Now, there are so many conflicts and wars in the world because of the discrepancies and conflicts among religions, thoughts and cultures. However, in Chinese history, the three religions of Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism always existed ”harmony in differences”, ”co-existences in differences” and ”three in one” concepts. Such concepts are worth as reference when all people are pursuing the religious concord. This article aims to point out the ideal of religious concord from five aspects: (1) the recognition of the human nature by San Chiao (Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism), (2) the recognition of karma and the relationship between body and soul, (3) the recognition of life and death, pain and joy, value of life, (4) the recognition of social ethics and virtue, and (5) the recognition of individual and community, in and out of the worldly world.