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「巧取」與「強奪」：論《金瓶梅》中孟玉樓與李瓶兒之財
＂Skillful Acquisition ＂ and ＂Forcible Seizure＂: On the Wealth of Meng Yulou and Li Pinger in Jin Ping Mei
摘要
《金瓶梅》中孟玉樓從生長環境中積累的「慣習」使她在不斷變動的妻妾競爭中認清自己的位置，因此應付自如，且再嫁時將當初帶來的財產帶走，與李衙內白頭偕老，可謂「乖人」。李瓶兒雖然依靠經濟資本建構人際關係，但並未有效地使其資本發揮應有的作用，反而招來其他妻妾的嫉恨和攻擊。李瓶兒由於缺乏內化的「慣習」而不能對妻妾競爭有正確理解和判斷，無法維護自身利益。財是一把雙刃劍，善用財且隨機應變者如孟玉樓得以幸存並維護自身利益，不善用財且不懂得利用自身優勢擊敗競爭對手者如李瓶兒因財招禍。《金瓶梅》在某種意義上對孟玉樓、李瓶兒作了對照實驗（control experiment），二者在進西門家時身分類似，同為富有的寡婦，且在進西門家後生活在相同的環境中，明顯的差異在於受社會因素與主體經驗之間互動關係的影響而採取的不同處世之道。孟玉樓、李瓶兒承載著不同社會階層在「慣習」區隔之下，通過長期生活實踐所積累的各異的行為原則，這些行為原則決定了二人在西門家激烈的妻妾競爭中所採取的不同行為策略，從而導致了「善終」、「早死」兩種截然不同的結局。
並列摘要
Meng Yulou, one of the concubines of Ximen Qing in Jin Ping Mei, formed ＂habitus＂ from the business environment in which she grew up, by which she was able to correctly recognize her position and form strategies accordingly in the ever-changing competitions among the wife and concubines of Ximen Qing. After Ximen Qing died, she maintained possession of the wealth that she brought into the family, remarried and lived a happy life after. The commentator of Jin Ping Mei, Zhang Zhupo therefore considered her a wise person. Li Pinger, another concubine of Ximen Qing, also possessed a large amount of wealth and tried to use it to establish interpersonal relationships within the Ximen family. However, unlike Meng Yulou, Li Pinger lacked internalized ＂habitus＂ to correctly understand the competitive mechanism at work among Ximen Qing's wife and concubines. She not only failed to use the economic capital she possessed to defend herself effectively, but also brought upon herself hatred and attack by other concubines. Wealth is a double-edged sword, Meng Yulou's skillful maneuvering helped her to survive and defend her own interest; in contrast, Li Pinger's wealth was one of the key factors that brought her eventual demise in the saddest circumstance. In a sense, Jin Ping Mei conducted a control experiment between Meng Yulou and Li Pinger. Both characters entered the Ximen family as wealthy widows and lived in the same environment. The key difference between these two characters lay in how they used their respective economic resources in their relationships with others. This difference was mainly caused by the different trajectories followed by the incumbents of different social classes in acquiring and using capital, resulting in divergent modes of conduct they followed. The dissimilar strategies they used to face the fierce competitions among the wife and concubines of Ximen Qing ultimately led to Meng Yulou's happy life after Ximen Qing's death and Li Pinger's early, miserable death.