兩周金文軍事俘獲用語探析

本文以兩周金文軍事動詞中的「俘獲」類用語為考察對象，析《殷周金文集成》及《新收殷周青銅器銘文暨器影彙編》所收14, 118件銅器銘文，得俘獲類動詞計有：折、取、奪、敚、孚（俘）、得、隻（獲）、（禾戈）（穫）、執、寽（捋）、禽（擒）、（䓃戈）（捷）等12 個。全文依《說文》次序析論諸字形義，並盡可能窮盡臚列金文文例進行語法功能及語義層次的討論。總體而言，金文俘獲用字皆以會意造字，所會之意與獲取、奪取有關。諸動詞皆以「取得」為主要義素，依個別用字的不同而有斷折、奪取、擒獲等附加義素。在語用方面，以「孚（俘）」字使用最為頻繁，所俘者遍及器物人員及車馬，唯東周時期為「隻（獲）」所取代，所俘獲者亦限於車馬兵銅，不見有俘人例。在語法結構方面，以「S+V+O」為基本句型，多數俘獲行為的發出者為王臣，施事主語常承上省略，以敵方人員物資為對象賓語。多數用語見於西周時期，尤以戰爭頻繁的西周晚期為最，受限於時代語境的改變，東周金文俘獲用字例上相對減少許多。

關鍵字

兩周金文；俘獲；軍事用語；戰爭銘文；古漢語語法

並列摘要

This article discusses the military verbs of ”capture” in bronze vessel inscriptions of the Zhou dynasty. We analyzes 14, 118 inscriptions in《殷周金文集成》and 《新收殷周青銅器銘文暨器影彙編》. Among them, there are 12 ”capture” type military verbs：折、取、奪、敚、孚 (俘)、得、隻 (獲)、（禾戈）(穫)、執、寽 (捋)、禽 (擒)、（䓃戈）(捷). Overall, 孚 (俘) is the most often used, the captures of the war spreads from people to carriages and horses. But it is replaced by 隻 (獲) in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the captures of the war include carriages and horses, but not people . In the grammar structure aspect, it take ”S+V+O” as the basic sentence pattern. Besides some bronze vessels in Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the capture commands are often given by the kings and feudal officials, the subject are often ignored and its object are the enemy side captive. These terminologies are often found in Western Zhou Dynasty. With the times changing, it is less used in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and the object contents are also different.