晚清後清流與康有為戊子上書之策略及效應

歷來學界對於康有為戊戌時期的活動多所關注，相較之下，對於康有為早期歷史的探勘較為有限。本文以康有為戊子上書為出發點，考察康氏該年密集謁訪後清流諸人的策略與動機，並下溯乙未年康氏的三次上書行動，探討維新派與後清流的合作緣由與本質，期能以此重估康氏早期活動的意義與定位。本文認為，後清流政治立場的游移性，是康氏戊子在京開通人際網絡的契機與策略，是而乙未年他能憑藉後清流於甲午之際的立場傾斜，迅速在短時間內翻轉前時的身份地位，加速後清流與維新派的合作。然而，後清流群體始終並非正式組織，成員聚合只基於政治理念近似，本就含有程度不小的分化性與偶然性。若非受甲午時勢所迫，不得不表明立場，恐未必走向與維新派合作的局面。於此層面上，時勢與衡清流本身的聚合就成為一項關鍵變因，使兩者於乙未年的合作，同時具有偶然性與必然性，而康氏早期活動應同時在此二脈絡下予以重估。

關鍵字

後清流；游移性；康有為；戊子上書；策略

並列摘要

Kang You-wei's activities in 1898 have long been the research topic in academia, yet the exploration on Kang's early activities and his political movements concerning the petition to the throne in 1888 has been relatively little. Based on it, the thesis analyzes Kang's strategies and motives of his urge to pay visits to post Qing-liu scholar officials in 1888 and his three movements of petition in 1895, in the hope of generalizing how Kang's early activities played a pivotal role in causing post Qing-liu scholar officials to lean toward reformers. The thesis suggests the wander of post Qing-liu officials' stance in 1888 served as opportunities and strategies assisting Kang in expanding connections in the capital, which in a way enabled him to transform previous status overnight to speed up cooperation with Qing-liu officials who shifted stance in 1894. Yet post Qing-liu scholar officials never really were an official organization. They cooperated based on shared political ideology alone, making differentiation and contingency a potential issue. If it were not for crisis in 1894, these officials would not make their statement, integrate internally and even choose to cooperate with reformers. Based on the above, the integration of the post Qing-liu had served as a key variable, adding contingency and necessity to their cooperation with reformers in 1895. Also, Kang's early activities should be reevaluated based on these two variables.