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長期發展模式在身心障礙運動的應用：從理論到實踐
Application of a Long-Term Development Model in Disability Sports: From Theory to Practice
Abstracts
全球約15%人口具有身心障礙，但運動參與率偏低，此現象與系統性阻礙及支持不足密切相關。近年來，長期發展（long-term development, LTD）模式已從僅強調運動員的專業化訓練，逐步轉型為更具包容性的發展架構，強調以全人為核心，將包容性設計理念全面融入主流運動發展中。加拿大的「冠軍非偶然」計畫以LTD模式為基礎，針對身障族群需求增設「覺察」與「首次參與」兩個前置階段，為身障者創造更適切的入門管道。本文旨在探討LTD模式在臺灣身心障礙運動（簡稱身障運動）發展的理論基礎與實踐策略。分析結果顯示，身障運動參與常受資訊不足與專業指導缺乏之影響，且在天賦確認（即運動選材）過程需考量障礙適應性與分級制度，複雜度遠高於一般運動。LTD模式整合競技、休閒與終身運動三條途徑，回應不同身障者的多元需求，超越單一競技導向的思維。身障運動的天賦識別與分級機制特別需要醫療、教育與運動專業的跨域整合，以發揮最大效益。值此臺灣運動部及適應運動司的成立提供了重要政策時機，本文據此提出三大策略建議，為臺灣身障運動政策規劃提供整合性架構，以落實「身障運動權是人權」的核心價值。
Parallel abstracts
Approximately 15% of the global population has some form of disability, yet their sport participation rates remain low, a phenomenon closely related to systemic barriers and insufficient support. In recent years, the long-term development (LTD) model has evolved from emphasizing athletes' specialized training to becoming a more inclusive developmental framework, centered on the whole person and integrating inclusive design principles throughout mainstream sport development. One example is Canada's "No Accidental Champions" program, which was based on an earlier generic LTD model, and then added two prestages, "Awareness" and "First Involvement," specifically designed for individuals with disabilities, and thus creating more appropriate entry pathways. This paper aims to examine the theoretical foundations and practical strategies of this LTD model in disability sports in a Taiwan context. Results reveal that parasport participation is often affected by insufficient information and lack of professional guidance, while talent identification requires consideration of disability adaptations and classification systems, making it significantly more complex than in able-bodied sports. The LTD model integrates three pathways-competitive, recreational, and active-for-life-responding to the diverse needs of different individuals with disabilities and transcending single-minded competitive orientations. Talent identification and classification mechanisms in parasport particularly require cross-domain integration of medical, educational, and sport expertise to maximize effectiveness. With the important policy opportunity presented by the establishment of Taiwan's Ministry of Sports and Department of Adaptive Sports, this paper proposes three strategic recommendations, providing an integrative framework for Taiwan's disability sports policy planning and implementing the core value that "disability sports rights are human rights."