德國政黨法的新發展－排除政黨財務補助之刃

在1949年5月，德國基本法的立憲者不僅在當時的第21條第2項納入了政黨違憲解散制度，亦在第3項規劃出制定政黨法的藍圖（現在為第5項）。至今，德國政黨違憲解散制度已有70餘年的光景，而德國政黨法業已施行50餘年。2017年，德國聯邦憲法法院在第二次德國國家民主黨（NPD）的判決上，開啟了防衛性民主與政黨違憲解散的新發展。此一判決不僅改變了相關構成要件的解釋，亦有著階層化政黨管制的發想，進而促成了同年基本法之修正，而在基本法第21條第3項另增訂了排除政黨財務補助的制度。對此，本文主要目的在於，回顧德國政黨法學五十年來的發展，探討此次變革的重要規範內容，以期開啟台灣對政黨違憲解散制度的下一步思考。

關鍵字

自由民主基本秩序；政黨法；政黨違憲；政黨解散；防衛性民主；政黨財務；政黨特權；德國國家民主黨

並列摘要

In May of 1949, the ＂fathers and mothers＂ of the German Basic Law established the measure of prohibiting unconstitutional political parties in Art. 21 sec. 2 GG, and planned to formulate the Political Parties Act in sec. 3 (now in sec. 5). This measure to defend the liberal democratic basic order is more than 70 years, and the Political Parties Act has been enforced for over 50 years. After the judgment of NPD-II in 2017, the German Federal Constitutional Court opened a new page of militant democracy. This judgment not only introduced the new requirement of ＂potentiality＂, but also advocated the multi-level party regulations. In 2017, the legislature amended Art. 21 sec. 3 of the Basic Law, introducing the possibility of excluding political parties from state funding. In brief, the main purpose of this paper is to review developments in German party law in the past 50 years, to discuss the highlights of the NPD-II decision, and to think about next steps of the prohibition of unconstitutional parties in Taiwan.

並列關鍵字

Liberal Democratic Basic Order ； Party Law ； Unconstitutional Political Parties ； Dissolution of Political Parties ； Defensive Democracy ； Political Party Funding ； Party Privilege ； National Democratic Party of Germany