- 期刊
試論張星曜《天儒同異考》裡反映的「儒家」圖像
A Tentative Discussion on the Image of Confucianism Reflected in Zhang Xingyao's Examination of the Similarities and Differences between the Lord of Heaven Teaching and the Literati Teaching (Tianru Tongyi Kao)
摘要
本文旨在透過分析清初華人天主教徒張星曜《天儒同異考》裡所呈現的「儒家」圖像，探討明清之際「儒家」的不同樣貌。本文關聯著張星曜的背景及其「合儒」、「補儒」與「超儒」論述，指出儒家思想為張星曜接受天主教的前把握、前見、前判斷或前理解，他並根據這個視角下的天主教回頭檢視儒家，而說「天教合儒」，且此視野中的「天」是一人格神，而其「補儒」與「超儒」則有使儒教天教化的傾向。然而，如果將張星曜對「天」的人格神理解和與他同時代的儒者對「天」的掌握視為對同一超越者或終極真實的不同回應，那麼，我們應可將明清天主教徒的儒家圖像看作在明清之際發展而成的一個儒家流派。
並列摘要
This paper aims at discussing an alternative image of Confucianism that emerged in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties by analyzing the Chinese Christian Zhang Xingyao's knowledge and evaluation of Confucianism in his Examination of the Similarities and Differences between the Lord of Heaven Teaching and the Literati Teaching (Tianru Tongyi Kao). With a review of his discourses on 'Catholicism is Compatible with Confucianism,' 'Catholicism is Superior to Confucianism,' 'Supplementing Confucianism with Catholicism,' the author affirms that the Confucian elements of Zhang's thought formed his preconception and pre-understanding in accepting Catholicism. Zhang's understanding of Catholicism was then taken by him as the criterion to re-evaluate Confucianism. In Zhang's view, Heaven as the personal God was the core commonality between Catholicism and Confucianism. Zhang's argument for the superiority of Catholicism over Confucianism and its supplement to Confucianism lead to a Catholicized Confucianism. Nonetheless, if Zhang and his fellow Catholics' understating of Heaven as the personal God as well as the non-personal vision of Heaven of his contemporary Confucian scholars and intellectuals can both be seen as responses to the Transcendent or Ultimate Reality, then the image of Confucianism, created by Chinese Catholicism, could be considered as a branch of Confucianism that emerged and developed in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties.