從人神相遇探討天主教信徒的寬恕經驗

本文以6位受訪者的敘述材料作為討論文本，分析詹姆斯（William James）、德日進（Pierre Teilhard de Chardin）、基廷（Thomas Keating）、榮格（Carl Gustav Jung）的宗教經驗理論，探究天主教徒寬恕之心理經驗與實踐方式。本文有三個研究發問：天主教信徒怎樣解讀寬恕教導？怎樣的動機讓天主教信徒跨出寬恕的第一步？寬恕的實踐具有一種怎樣的內在模式？研究發現：寬恕的認知帶來一個全新生命開展的可能，人離開舊有的本能和判斷機制，出現一個新的選擇，選擇重返生命良善的起始點。寬恕的動機來自祈禱經驗，在跟天主的相遇和對話裡，有限的人經驗到一個超越的存在且跟他打交道，人性天生的模仿學習能力讓人仿效這位超越存在的寬恕、開闊、良善。寬恕自身要求個體做到體驗內心良善、走出防衛機制、臣服天主意志、持續悔改轉變。寬恕是一種熱愛生命的生活方式。寬恕，讓生命趨向整體與圓滿，前提是讓減損生命的嫉妒、害怕、記恨一片片剝落，而愛的行動一直是有效的驅動力。

關鍵字

寬恕；轉變；快樂模式；防衛機制

並列摘要

Based on six interviewees' narratives as the discussion text, this paper analyzes and applies religious experience theories of William James, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Thomas Keating, and Carl Gustav Jung to explore the ways Catholics practice the virtue of loving enemies and their psychological experience in doing so. This paper asks three questions: How do Catholics interpret the teaching of loving the enemy? What kind of motivation leads Catholics to take their first steps toward loving their enemies? What kind of inner mode exists in the practice of loving enemies? The research discovers that the cognition of loving enemies brings the possibility of a new development of life. People leave their old instincts and judgment mechanisms to make a new choice-choosing to return to the good and kind starting point of life. The motive of loving enemies comes from the experience of prayer. In the encounter and dialogue with God, the limited person experiences a transcendent Being and interacts with Him. The human nature's imitative learning ability enables people to imitate the forgiveness, openness and goodness of that transcendent Being. Forgiveness itself requires experiencing the inner goodness, stepping out of one's defense mechanism, surrendering to God's will, and continuing to repent and transform. Forgiveness is a way of loving life. It helps life become whole and complete; the premise is to let the jealousy, fear, or hatred that depletes life peel off layer by layer, and the act of love has always been an effective thrust.