- 期刊
論《史記》天人觀中之史家筆法
Discussion of the Historian's View of the Relationship between "Tian" and "Man" in Shih-chi
摘要
究天人之際，是司馬遷探究天象（各種自然現象）和人類社會之間的關係，也是他修史的目的和旨趣之一。司馬遷所論的天人關係，天是崇高至上，亦為專制的皇權即是天，是人所無法掌控。當人面對天時，其自處之道為「盡人事處以應天命」，在盡人事處，始見天命。當人面對無法掌握的天，司馬遷有時透過正面的方式，有時則採微言的方式，表現內心無限的感慨與無可奈何的心情，藉此傳達他對於天人思想中獨特的想法。司馬遷的天人思想，或敘或議的表達在《史記》之中，據事直書，是非自見於文中。或側筆載述陰陽禍福與行為之因果關係，闡述其德治之觀點，以陰陽禍福的觀念，貫串其中，故吉凶由人，其精神在於人，而非鬼神，具有人文精神於其中。同時在敘及天人茫昧之際，往往見深文曲筆，微婉譏刺漢武帝之迷信。司馬遷相信天命崇高，卻又藉著陰陽福佑與行為福報，以據事直書、微婉顯晦之筆，寄託史家之資鑑勸懲。故司馬遷之所以要究天人之際，除了欲知何處是天，何處是人，亦在於褒貶勸懲，經世資鑑。
並列摘要
The relationship between ”Tian” and ”Man” was a correlation that Ssu-ma Ch'ien attempted to explore between astrology and human society, which also inspired him to compile Shih-chi. Ssu-ma Ch'ien had asserted that ”Tian” was all-powerful and insurmountable, and one that represented the totalitarian imperial rule, something that no ordinary man had control over. When faced with divine fate, what man could do was ”Putting forth one's best efforts in finding one's ultimate fate”, in which one would face one's ultimate destiny after having put forth one's very best efforts. When ”Man” were confronted with illusive fate, Ssu-ma Ch'ien would deploy a circumventing insinuation approach to voice his trepidation and helplessness to convey his unique perspectives with relationship of ”Tian” and ”Man”. Ssu-ma Ch'ien's ”Tian”-”Man” perspectives contained the straightforward narrative as expressing in the Shih-chi. Or he would deploy a circumventing insinuation approach to narrate the cause-and-effect correlation between fortune and misfortune, which served to explain his perspectives of a humanitarian rule. Ssu-ma Ch'ien believed that the imperial order, although insurmountable, had belied on the bountiful blessing of Yin and Yang and blissful behavioral rewards, which he wrote with a candor yet insinuating subtle penmanship, embedding a historian's take on keen assessment and subtle persuasion. In Ssu-ma Ch'ien's attempt to discern the relationship between ”Tian” and ”Man”, his quest was more than aiming to decipher where ”Tian” and ”Man” lied, but to invoke praises and persuasions that stood to the test of time.