- 期刊
劉知幾《史通》的文質觀
The Research on Liu Zhi-ji's Viewpoints of "Wen (Literary Grace)" and "Zhi (Content, Simplicity)" in Shih-t'ung
摘要
劉知幾（661~721年），字子玄，盛唐著名史學家，所撰《史通》乃中國第一部最有系統的史學理論專著，內容博大精深，窮王道，掞人倫，詳述唐以前之史學源流、史家體例、史籍編撰的原則和方法，藉由批評以建立其理想之史學綱統。歷史必藉文字而後能流世久遠，故於敘述歷史時，如何適切地運使文辭以呈現出客觀史實便是至為關鍵的問題，根究其實也就是「文」與「質」的調和，綜觀《史通》一書，雖未列「文質」專論，但於〈論贊〉、〈載文〉、〈言語〉、〈敘事〉、〈鑒識〉、〈覈才〉、〈雜說中〉、〈雜說下〉等篇中卻有多處關涉「文質」且論述精闢，因此本論即專就此範疇分四個層面剖析：一為求真實錄，因俗隨時，說明史書文字須客觀地反映歷史真實。二為文而不麗，質而非野，強調重視史文，但修飾有節。三為辨別文史，史有專才，指陳修史不同為文，否定華麗文風浸染史籍。四為文質屢變，應書今語，反對以古為文，一味崇古尚文。推究劉知幾主張文質並重，且以求真實錄為依歸。本研究除了旨在深入明晰《史通》之文質觀，亦期能有助於了解初盛唐時期文學理論所關注的課題。
並列摘要
Liu Zhi-ji (661~721 A.D.), styled Zixuan, was a famous historian at the beginning of Tang Dynasty; Shih-t'ung written by him is the first and the most systemic specialized work of historical theory in China; its content is extensive and profound, amply expounding the proper way of ruling a country, stating and explaining principles of human relationships, having a detailed description of the origin and development of history as a science, the general form of historical sects, and the principles and methods of compiling books of history before Tang Dynasty, and establishing his ideal historical theorem by means of criticism. A history must rely on the words to be handed down for generations perpetually; therefore, when narrating the history, how to make use of the diction appropriately so as to present objective historical facts is the most crucial issue, and, it's in fact the blending of ”Wen (literary grace)” and ”Zhi (content).” To make a comprehensive survey of Shih-t'ung, although it does not has a chapter or section about ”Wen (literary grace)” and ”Zhi (content),” its chapters of ”Lun-zan,” ”Zai-wen,” ”Yanyu,” ”Xu-shi,” ”Jian-shi,” ”He-cai,” ”Za-shuo-Ⅱ,” and ”Za-shuo-Ⅲ” have many parts involving ”Wen (literary grace)” and ”Zhi (content)” with brilliant exposition; hence, the research aimed at this scope to analyze in four aspects as follows:Ⅰ. Asking for truth, and adjusting and conforming to the customs of times-explaining that the words in a book of history must reflect the historical facts objectively. Ⅱ. Displaying the ”Wen (literary grace)” but not overly embellishing, and ”Zhi (simplicity)” but not rough-stressing attaching importance to the words in the book of history, but with moderation and restraint on embellishment. Ⅲ. Differentiating literature and history, and a special talent is required for writing a history-illustrating that compiling the history is different from writing a composition, and being against the flowery literary style's infiltrating and affecting the books of history. IV. The style of valuing ”Wen (literary grace)” or ”Zhi (simplicity)” should be changed with the times, and people should write in contemporary words-against the idea of only ancient wording is elegant, and upholding ancient phraseology blindly. The conclusion is, Liu Zhi-ji advocated equally emphasizing ”Wen (literary grace)” and ”Zhi (content)”, and took seeking the truth as the basic idea. In addition to deeply analyzing the viewpoints of ”Wen (literary grace)” and ”Zhi (content)” in Shih-t'ung, the research expects to be helpful for understanding the issue that people paid attention to as the literary theory at the beginning of Tang Dynasty.