印尼國營石油公司(Pertanima)的轉型：政治經濟的觀點

在國際油價高漲的時代有關石油資源豐富的國家如何管理國家石油資源的問題受到矚目。由於發展中國家缺乏良好的治理（governance）能力，使得擁有豐富資源的發展中國家資源並沒帶來政治經濟發展，反而形成「資源災難」。印尼以石油盈餘作為財政歲收主要來源，是東南亞唯一的OPEC成員，理應是個富足的國家，但是石油收益對經濟發展並未有顯著的助益，資源災難的出現與該國「國營石油公司」長期掌控石油資源長達40年的角色有莫大關係。在1998年民主化後印尼首要的經濟改革反倒是要將國營石油公司進行制度化的轉型。本文主要從石油資源的政治經濟學討論印尼國營石油公司對印尼政治經濟的影響與轉型歷程。首先，本文闡釋印尼印尼國營石油公司掌控石油與天然氣資源的政經背景。其次，分析國營石油公司受到非市場機制的掌控，解釋資源並未為印尼帶來發展矛盾。最後討論1998年民主轉型後國營石油公司改革的「制度變遷」，並在結論做出評論。

關鍵字

石油資源；印尼國營石油公司；資源災難；荷蘭病；政治經濟分析

並列摘要

The relation between Natural Resource and Political Economic Growth is a famous issue to discuss by scholars. By the Neo-liberalism theory suppose: a developing country has abundant resources, it would become a well-developed industrial country. But this point of issue was challenged by others school in 1980s.These scholars think: ”Resources didn't bring the well-developed in the developing country, on the contrary became a ”Resource Curse”.In Indonesia case, petroleum was the major of Indonesia's fiscal income , but the performance of petroleum resource’s income did not have a great help for Indonesia's economic development. One can find the cause of this condition, the allocation of petroleum in Indonesia is not only an economic but also a political issue. The petroleum resource and uneven economic growth are closed related to the role of Pertanima. Base on this background, one will focus on the petroleum resource for the effect of political economy in country's development. And one will try to proof that, Pertanima is a tool for governor to integrate politics and economy in a new order period, and it become the abundant petroleum resource cannot bring a well development but a ”Resource Curse” to Indonesia.In structure of this project, one will set up the research structure by literature review in the beginning. And then one will discuss that, why Indonesia which has abundant petroleum resource in the control of Pertanima emerges ”Resource Curse”, by the dimension of Political Economy. After the discussion about the Pertanima and ”Resource Curse” in Indonesia, one will use the ”New institutional Economy theory” to discuss the changing of institute on process of democratization in Pertanima and the allocation of petroleum resource. And one will get a conclusion at last. One considers that, if Indonesia want to close to the fifth BRICs in the future, it has to pursue the higher economic growth and reduce the gap between itself and developed countries, so it must reform the allocation of petroleum resource as soon as possible. Only transfer ”Comparable Advantage of Resource” to ”Competitive Advantage of Resource,” it would be a better strategy for state's development.