- 期刊
探討陸軍阿帕契直升機飛行人員之飛行錯覺
The evaluation of in-flight illusions of army Apache AH-64E helicopter pilots
摘要
前言：國軍採購之阿帕契攻擊直升機（AH-64E）為高科技先進機種，其整合式頭盔顯示瞄準系統（IHADSS）及雙眼分視的操控環境，衍生特殊的生理反應，增加學習難度。國軍阿帕契飛行部隊自103年底成軍以來，正積極培訓飛行員，瞭解其學習情境及生理現象，並提供航空醫學專業協助是十分重要的。材料及方法：以問卷為研究工具，阿帕契直升機飛行員為研究對象，參考國外文獻進行問卷設計及專家效度建構。由專人至飛行部隊進行問卷解說及施測，增進問卷填答成效。研究結果：（1）有效問卷計46人，平均年齡34.3歲，飛行年資10.6年，AH-64E時數186小時，IHADSS時數98小時；（2）對於IHADSS系統頭盔合適度滿意者佔80.4%，普通17.4%。認為頭盔合適度影響看影像能力者佔84.8%；認為30°X40°視域效益有益者佔68.9%，普通31.1%。（3）使用IHADSS系統各種感受症狀，排序前3者，使用時／後視覺與生理反應為視覺不適50.0%／54.3%、頭痛39.1%／39.1%、視力模糊28.2%／19.5%。視覺線索惡化狀況為解析度不佳56.5w％、景深感變差45.6%、影像模糊30.4%。靜態錯覺為被光線所困擾39.1%、高度誤判32.6%、坡度估計21.7%。動態錯覺為飛機飄移錯覺43.5%、未感覺飛機移動36.9%、未察覺飄移32.6%。結論：阿帕契攻擊直升機飛行員培訓時間長，複雜度及困難度高，為達成建軍目標，陸軍正積極培訓飛行員中，本研究結果對於教育訓練可提供相當優質的參考資料，對飛行員培訓十分有益，亦提升國軍航空醫學推展運用的效能。
並列摘要
Introduction: Spatial disorientation (SD) is considered one of the main causes of aviation mishap for military helicopters. Apach AH-64E helicopter has some unique viewing system which had been proven to cause illusions. A more thorough understanding of how SD affects aircrew in day-to-day flying would allow appropriate countermeasures to be developed to reduce its impact. Methods: This is a qualitative research design adopting an open-ended questionnaire, including illusion scenarios previously described in US Army Apache SD evaluations. A survey using this questionnaire was conducted and distributed at army AH-64E helicopter base. The survey collected data about the incidence of a wide range of SD illusions experienced by the AH-64E pilots. Additional information about the experience associated with Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) system and the Integrated Helmet And Display Sight System (IHADSS) were also collected and analyzed. Results: Data from 46 completed surveys were analyzed. The average age of respondents was 34.3 years; total flight time 1,018 hours; average AH-64E flight time 186 hours. The top three visual/physiologic symptoms while using/after IHADSS were visual discomfort (50.0%/54.3%), headache (39.1%/39.1%) and visual blurring (28.2%/19.5%). The top three causes of deteriorated visual cue were: degraded resolution (56.5%), depth perception(45.6%), and decreased field of view (30.4%). The top three static illusions experienced were: height judgement (32.6%), trouble with lights (39.1%), slope estimation (21.7%). The top three causes of dynamic illusions include: illusory aircraft drift (43.5%), no sensation of movement (36.9%) ,undetected drift (32.6%)。About mission effectiveness, IHADSS were compared with Aviators Night Vision Imaging System (ANVIS). IHADSS were superior to ANVIS in night reconnaissance and security; aircraft and obstacle avoidance; wire recognition and avoidance. Conclusions: Apache AH-64E is an advanced attack helicopter equipped with IHADSS system, greater sensory demands are placed on pilots. The qualitative survey could allow researchers to evaluate the effectiveness of countermeasures. Results of current study also provide valuable information for future training.