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從隔離到融合？－德意志帝國時期(1871-1918)猶太人的生存與發展
From Ghettoise to Integration?-The Development of the Jews in the German Empire (1871-1918)
摘要
20世紀初期，德國猶太裔的無政府主義者藍道爾(Gustav Landauer)認為，德國文化與猶太文化，互不衝突，而且許多方面互相契合，也彼此相互信任。第一次世界大戰期間，德國猶太裔的工業鉅子拉特瑙(Walter Rathenau)，也認同德國是他的祖國。以上兩人的看法，似乎呈現出猶太人與德國人，共存的水乳交融景象。猶太人在歐洲歷史上，長期被基督教社會隔離與排斥，但是許多德國猶太人卻已在20世紀初期，對於德國與猶太兩種文化之融合，產生信心、甚至強烈認同德國。1871年德意志帝國成立，政治空間整合、法律與權利統整規範，是賦予猶太人社、經、政地位轉變，趨向平等的一大契機。 本文探討德意志帝國時期，猶太人在德國生存狀況的主要發展趨勢。在此所探討的重點包括：帝國成立之後，猶太人所面臨的法律與社會地位之轉變、經濟生活與職業選擇之新發展、猶太人的自我認同與困難等問題。本文試圖根據這些重點，評析帝國時期猶太人，從脫離隔離，進至融合的程度與方向。有學者認為，德意志帝國時期，是猶太人與德國人相處的黃金時期，也是猶太人自18世紀啟蒙時期開始，在自由思想引領之下，朝向解放與現代化過程中的高峰時期。但是在此榮景之下，是否也存在著猶太人與德國人，長期無法走出的歷史困境與無法化解的矛盾？19世紀下半葉開始，猶太人從隔離邁向融合與同化：但是1930年代納粹時期的歐洲猶太人，卻是從隔離邁向滅絕與死亡。期間不過六十多年的歷史發展，猶太人生存命運卻有急速的驟變。
並列摘要
In the early twentieth century the German Jewish anarchist Gustav Landauer proclaimed that the German and the Jewish culture could deeply trusted in each other. During the First World War the famous German-Jewish industrialist Walter Rathenau also emphasized that Germany was his 'Vaterland' and all the German-Jews should also be the core-members of the German nation. Since the Middle Ages many Jewish people in Europe were forced to live in ghettos and were isolated from the societies of Christians. How was it possible, that after so many ceturies the German-Jews identified themselves with the German nation and with full national passion for their 'Vaterland'? What was the key motivation in this changing? The unification of Germany in 1871 became an important historical turning point, which brought both the political unification and the civil rights for all people, who lived in Germany, included the Jews. Most of the German-Jews believed in this new age - the comming of an openly, friendly and fairly society. The aim of this research is to analyse the development of the Jews in the German Empire. Did the equal civil rights really give the Jews free options for their existence? Die they had many possibilities to change their social position? Die the Germans really accepted the Jewish integration? If the period of the German Empire was the 'golden age' for the Jews from ghettoise to integration, after sixty years in the Nazi Germany, why were they forced from integration backed to ghettoise, then to the Holocaust?