中日戰爭初期日本的政治變革與權力之爭(1937-1938)

Japan's Political Reform and Power Struggles in the Early Stage of Sino-Japanese War (1937-1938)

蕭李居(Li-Chu Hsiao)

《國史館學術集刊》 9期 (2006/09) Pp. 103-143

https://doi.org/10.7058/BAH.200609.0103

摘要

近十年來有關中日戰爭的研究，其內容水準的提升，研究的蓬勃及成果的豐碩均呈現可觀之處，但是兩岸中文著作仍多著重於中國抗戰方面的討論，因此本文嘗試由戰爭初期日本政局的角度去做分析，探討戰爭對於日本政治的影響，讓中日戰爭史的研究能夠更完備、更多元。
中日戰爭初期在日本為第一次近衛內閣時期，而近衛內閣當初成立的目的在緩和日本國內政黨與軍部的對立，然而內閣成立一個多月時卻爆發中日戰爭。面對戰爭情勢，近衛文麿宣稱要建立「舉國一致」的戰爭體制，並透過立法與政治變革來建構戰爭內閣。在政治變革方面以內閣參議、大本營及興亞院與戰爭體制關係最密切，然而這三個機構成立的經過卻不是很順利，內閣內部利用中日戰爭的機會試圖擴權，相繼出現總理大臣、軍部、外務省以及企畫院等的權力之爭。使得近衛首相的「舉國一致」戰爭體制未能達成，反而呈現日本內部的不合與第一次近衛內閣前景的堪憂。同時這三個機構也未能如預期有效推展業務，使得第一次近衛內閣建構的這個戰爭體制未能有效達到處理中日戰爭的目的。

關鍵字

第一次近衛內閣 ； 戰爭體制 ； 內閣參議 ； 大本營 ； 興亞院

並列摘要

Most of the studies done on Sino-Japanese War deal with Chinese issues, but this paper tries to focus on the influence of the war on the Japanese political situation.
Shortly before the Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese had the first Konoe Fumimaro cabinet which was established to counterbalance the tension between the political parties and the defense department of the country. When the war broke out, Konoe Fumimaro proposed that a warring cabinet be formed to work on the nation-wide warring mechanism by means of legal and political reform. In terms of political reform, three institutions were founded: the Naikaku Sangi (Cabinet Consultation), the General Headquarters, and the Kouain (China Affairs Board). In the process of the reform, there were power struggles among the Prime Minister, the Military Department, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Kigakuin (Planning Department). Such power struggles hindered the completion of the warring mechanism, and caused many internal conflicts and discordance. The three new institutions indeed did not function properly to attain their goal in waging the war against China.

並列關鍵字

The first Konoe cabinet ； the warring mechanism ； Naikaku Sangi ； General Headquarters ； Kouain

參考文獻

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