東亞民眾的制度不信任感及其政治回應

Political Responses to Distrust in Institutions: A Perspective from East Asia

湯晏甄(Yen-Chen Tang)

《臺灣民主季刊》 12卷2期 (2015/06) Pp. 39-85

摘要

當民眾的制度信任感降低時，會產生什麼樣的政治行為來回應這個令他失望的政治環境？這是本文的問題意識。本文援引Hirschman（1970）的「退出、發聲，與忠誠」理論，重新修正後作為本文的行為理論架構。本文使用「亞洲民主動態調查」第三波調查資料進行實證分析。研究結果顯示，制度信任感確實會影響政治回應行為。在自由民主政體，制度信任感低的民眾，傾向「退出」；在選舉民主政體，制度信任感低的民眾，傾向積極的「發聲」行為。造成此差異的主要原因在於，在自由民主政體，民眾選擇「發聲」或「退出」的自由度較高。由於制度信任感是長期累積的經驗，如果先前的經驗不佳，那麼會導致他對付出成本來改善現狀缺乏信心，因而降低「發聲」意願，傾向「退出」。至於選舉民主政體，「退出」受到較多限制，但仍有一些「發聲」空間。然而，在較封閉的政治環境裡，「發聲」付出的成本較高，因此制度信任感高的民眾並沒有太大的誘因選擇「發聲」。反而是制度信任感低的民眾，多數認為既有體制的民主制度有很大的問題，有較強的動機對改善制度採取積極的「發聲」行為。

關鍵字

制度信任感 ； 發聲 ； 忠誠 ； 冷漠 ； 政治參與

並列摘要

What forms of political behavior emerge in response to disappointment with the political environment as popular trust in institutions declines? This study answers this important question. This study adopts and revises the theoretical approach outlined in Hirschman's (1970) Exit, Voice, and Loyalty for our theoretical framework. This study uses data from the third wave of the ＂Asian Barometer Survey＂ for empirical analysis. The results show that institutional trust has a clear influence on political responses. In liberal democracies, citizens with low levels of institutional trust tend towards ＂exit＂. In electoral democracies, citizens with low institutional trust tend towards exercising their ＂voice.＂ The cause of this difference is largely due to the fact that in liberal democracies, citizens have more freedom to choose between ＂voice＂ or ＂exit,＂ since institutional trust is accumulated over a long period of time. Bad past experiences will result in a lack of confidence in the returns from any effort to improve the current system. This will reduce the willingness to choose ＂voice＂ as citizens would veer towards ＂exit.＂ While there are more limitations to ＂exit＂ in electoral democracies, there is still some space for ＂voice.＂ However, in more closed political environments, the cost of ＂voice＂ is higher. Therefore, citizens with higher institutional trust do not have sufficient incentives to choose ＂voice.＂ However, most citizens with low levels of institutional trust believe that the existing democratic system has many problems; therefore, they have a greater motivation to actively use their ＂voice＂ to improve the system.

並列關鍵字

institutional trust ； voice ； loyalty ； apathy ； political participation

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