歐洲議題政治化現象之分析

Analysis of Politicization of EU Issues

賴昀辰(Yun-chen Lai)

《臺灣民主季刊》 16卷4期 (2019/12) Pp. 39-92

摘要

本文探討歐洲議題近期出現的政治化現象。傳統上國際事務屬於技術官僚與政治菁英主導的政治領域，然而隨著全球化現象帶來的國際合作範圍擴大及國際組織的公共權威上升，公眾對於全球治理的政策關注度近年來逐漸提高，國際合作與全球治理議題出現了「政治化現象」，而這樣的現象在歐洲尤為明顯。全球治理的政治化現象來自於反全球化思潮主張全球治理制度失能，因為全球化使部分人的利益受損，而當代制度無法妥善解決利益受損的分配問題；另一方面，改善制度失能的政治擴權被續而批評缺乏民主正當性，於是在兩者交互作用下，公眾對全球化現象關注度不斷提高。制度失能及政治擴權的議題經過「政治機會框架」的作用，包括政黨競爭、媒體報導等，出現公眾意識、公眾動員、意見極化等政治化結果。政治化帶來的影響包括結構化政治衝突、使議題轉往正當性辯論，以及改變合作路徑等，使政策議題由政治菁英主導的專業技術性思考轉往公眾以「正當性」為出發點的價值性辯論，這樣的結果是當前的全球治理面臨來自公眾的挑戰，為國際合作帶來限制。本文以歐洲議題為例探討上述政治化機制，主張在政治化現象下，全球治理須正視國際政治制度的民主赤字問題，並擴增公眾參與的管道，政策方能順利推行。

關鍵字

政治化 ； 正當性 ； 全球治理 ； 民主赤字 ； 歐盟

並列摘要

This essay explores the politicization phenomenon that the EU politics faces. International relations is widely seen as a social realm dominated by executives and technocrats. However, public awareness towards international affairs has risen in years due to globalization which brings the mismatch between function and form, and even enlarges political competence of international cooperation and public authority of international organization. This phenomenon is especially strong in Europe. The politicization of global issue comes from the anti-globalism wave which argues that globalization damages the interests of underprivileged groups, whose welfare could not be protected under current institutions. Furthermore, politicians try to solve the institutional problem by enlarge institutional competence but often neglect democratic legitimacy, that further increase public awareness on global issues. The consequences of politicization include structuring political conflicts, legitimacy debate, and change the course of cooperation. This research focuses on European issues to observe the phenomenon mentioned above, and argue that global governance must face the democracy deficit problem of international political regime and enlarge the channels for public participation. Otherwise, global governance would face problem of enlarging public challenges.

並列關鍵字

politicization ； legitimacy ； global governance ； democracy deficit ； EU

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