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社運型政黨對半總統制國家憲政運作的影響－羅馬尼亞的個案研究
The Influence of Movement Parties on the Romanian Semi-presidential System
摘要
1990年民主化後，羅馬尼亞選擇了半總統制作為憲政制度，其憲政制度經過三次重大修改，包含為了國家的延續性而延長總統任期，以及為了建立政黨政治與增加民主的課責性，兩度修正國會的選舉制度。然而，羅馬尼亞的憲政運作仍舊面臨一些問題，例如：多黨制下政黨聯盟的鬆散、總統所屬政黨未參與聯合政府的組成、共治時期總統與總理之間的憲政衝突嚴重、或是總統與同黨總理多有對抗，導致總統幾次退出政黨等現象，以及民眾最關切的貪污問題，也未因憲政改革而獲得解決，因而造就羅馬尼亞社運型政黨－拯救羅馬尼亞聯盟（USR）的興起。拯救羅馬尼亞聯盟的競選策略以反貪腐為主要號召，將歐盟的制度與民主價值引入羅馬尼亞，但採取民粹主義的論述，提出反建制的政策主張，並積極參與反貪汙法案的社會運動。然而，受限於羅馬尼亞的政治結構，拯救羅馬尼亞聯盟雖已成為第三大黨，如要再成功推動制度改革，仍需與傳統兩大政黨合作，但它對羅馬尼亞的民主參與注入了活力，也對羅馬尼亞的政黨政治帶來革新的力量。
並列摘要
After Romania's democratization in 1990, it chose semi-presidentialism as a constitutional system. It underwent three significant revisions, once extending the presidential term for the continuity of the state and twice amending the parliamentary electoral system to establish party politics and increase accountability in a democracy. However, Romania's constitutional operation still faces some problems, such as the loose coalition of political parties under a multi-party system, the president's party not participating in the formation of a coalition government, a severe constitutional crisis between the president and the prime minister during cohabitation, or confrontations between the president and the prime minister of the same party, leading to the president quit from the party. In addition, the corruption issue, which is of most concern to the people, has not been resolved by constitutional reforms, resulting in the rise of a Romanian movement party- -the Save Romania Union (USR). The USR's critical campaign promise is to fight against corruption, introducing European Union mechanisms and democratic values into Romania by adopting a populism discourse strategy, proposing anti-establishment policies, and actively participating in social movements related to anti-corruption policies. However, limited by Romania's political structure, although USR has become the third largest party in Romania, it still needs to cooperate with the first two parties to promote successful institutional reform in the future. Nevertheless, it injects vitality into Romania's democratic participation and brings a reforming force to Romania's party politics.