「～がたい」の意味の特殊化について─「～がたい」と中国語の「難以～」との対応も含めて─

「～がたい」「～にくい」「～づらい」是常被一起討論的表示困難的類義表現。先行研究已指出「～がたい」用於正式的文體且容易與某種動詞結合。但是，關於「～がたい」的語意大多是以換說的方式記述，其根本的語意尚未被釐清。本稿首先調查「～がたい」「～にくい」「～づらい」的前接動詞在語料庫的分佈，以前接動詞來看三者的語意分布，會發現「～がたい」與「～にくい」「～づらい」相差較遠。對此現象，本稿認為是因為「～がたい」的造語的語意特殊化程度較高。此外，在文体或表困難的程度，前接動詞，語意特殊化這幾個方面，「～がたい」與「～にくい」「～づらい」有所區別，而這些區別在中文的「難以～」和「很難（不容易）～」之間也看得到。藉由找出「～がたい」與「難以～」的這些對應，希望能對學習日文的中文母語話者有所幫助。

關鍵字

「～がたい」；語料庫；語意特殊化:中文:「難以～」

並列摘要

“-gatai” ”-nikui” ”-durai” are treated as synonyms In preceding studies, and it is indicated that ”-gatai” is stiff style of writing and easy to attach some kind of verbs. But the meaning of ”-gatai” is almost described by paraphrase, so the essential meaning of ”-gatai” is not clarified yet so far.This paper surveyed the preceding verbs of ”-gatai” ”-nikui” ”-durai” in corpus. From the point of view of the preceding verbs to analysis the distribution of the meaning of those affixes, ”-nikui” and ”-durai” are closed to each other, but ”-gatai” is far from them. It is because that the meaning of the words of ”-gatai” is much specialized.Meanwhile, ”-gatai” is different from ”-nikui” and ”-durai” in style of writing, degree of difficulty, the a ttached verbs, and specialization of meaning, and those differences are also found between ” nán yi” and ”hen nán (bù róng yì)” in Chinese. It is hoped that through indicating the correspondences between ”-gatai” and ”nán yi-”, the cues for learning Japanese can be made for the Japanese learners of Chinese.