In the late Tang dynasty, Liu, Chi-qian and his son, Liu Yin, rebelled and became the most powerful force in the region of Lingnan. Afterwards, Liu Yan, the younger brother of Liu Yin, occupied Guangdong and Guangxi, and later dec1ared the founding of Southern Han. During the period of five dynasties and ten kingdoms, the society of southern kingdoms was more stable, the economy was prospering, and the ruling class had laid stress on culture. Therefore, the southern kingdoms had accomplished far more than the northern dynasties in terms of culture and art. With complete decrees and regulations and elites recruitment policy, Southern Han had great achievements in the fields of literature, historiography, astronomy, mathematics, music, architecture, medicine, ceramics and sculpture.