甲骨文「侑祭」的實質涵義

「侑」祭屬於商代的祭儀，其含義是否與文獻的紀錄相同，一直備受爭議。先秦典籍中所記錄的「侑」為勸食，勸進的對象為假扮神主的「尸」。其祭祖饗禮是一整套的完備過程，祝官先引「尸」就定位，並接連進行勸尸飲食，禮畢之後，主人以酒贈尸，尸飲畢之後，酬酢主人，祭祖饗禮到此結束，撤去祭品，餽贈於尸。但有關文獻的祭祀流程無法與甲骨辭例相符。而甲文的「尸」為方國之名，用為祭牲。「侑」亦無酬酢之義。至於，王國維提及「侑」、「右」、「宥」所具有的「勸食」、「陪伴」、「酬酢」之義，取決於不同的語境而言。就甲骨文所見的「侑」祭，可為「勸食」之義，其勸進的對象為祖先。

關鍵字

侑祭；尸（假扮祖先）；勸食；祭祖饗禮；祭牲

並列摘要

”You worship (侑祭)” is a ritual practiced during the Shang Dynasty. The debate over whether the meaning of You worship is equivalent to that reported in historical documents remains ongoing. The definition of ”you (侑)” provided in pre-Qin classics is the act of urging somebody to eat; here, somebody refers to ”Shi (尸)”, disguised ancestors. Offering sacrificial feasts to ancestors is an extensive worship procedure. An official leads the disguised ancestors (Shi) to certain locations and urges them to cat and drink. Then, the master of the house serves the Shi a glass of wine to drink, and the Shi invites the master to drink as a form of feedback. After the feast, people collect the sacrificial items and give them to the Shi. However, these worship procedures are not consistent with those recorded in the Oracle Script. In the Oracle Script. ”Shi” refers to a tribe that used sacrifice to worship their ancestors, and ”You” does not mean feedback. Regarding the opinions of Wang Guowei, the meaning of ”You (侑)”, ”You (右)”, and ”You (宥)” can refer to ”urging to eat”, ”accompanying”, and ”feedback” depend on different contexts. Thus, the ”You” worship of the Oracle-Bone Inscription means urging ancestors to eat.