勞動、快樂、藝術：田漢在《十三陵水庫暢想曲》中的共產主義烏托邦書寫

一般認為，田漢在1958年創作的話劇《十三陵水庫暢想曲》是為國家水利工程的獻禮之作，是「大躍進」時期浮誇冒進的產物，因此被普遍地視作敗筆。本文認為《十三陵水庫暢想曲》在田漢的創作譜系中，並非處於一個孤立的尷尬位置，而是作者繼其電影作品《到民間去》之後再一次的烏托邦書寫，也是針對電影中那幻滅了的社會理想的反思，寄託了他想要在人民時代實現當年「未完成」之烏托邦理想的心願。首先，《十三陵水庫暢想曲》透過對水庫勞動者的勞動目的、性質、精神面貌等方面的描寫，針對性地回應了田漢早年思想資源中的桃源情結、俄國民粹主義、日本新村主義所無力面對的中國在工業化、城市化過程中的現代性困境。其次，《十三陵水庫暢想曲》中的勞動書寫和英國社會主義者威廉．莫里斯的烏托邦觀點頗為相似，這與田漢早年翻譯並受到莫里斯之藝術社會主義的影響息息相關。而《十三陵水庫暢想曲》透過水庫建設的藝術性價值，反覆刻畫勞動者的服裝、容貌、身體等看似細枝末節的生活內容，暢想了一個在生產關係、勞動關係、階級矛盾等問題上實現了結構性變革的社會，重新賦予了勞動者以尊嚴、快樂、健康及藝術化的生活。

關鍵字

十三陵水庫暢想曲；田漢；共產主義烏托邦；《到民間去》

並列摘要

It is generally believed that Tian Han's play Rhapsody of the Ming Tombs Reservoir in 1958 was a tribute play to the national project of water conservancy, a flamboyantly rash offspring of the Great Leap Forward, and of course a failure. This paper argues that Rhapsody of the Ming Tombs Reservoir is not in a singularly awkward position in Tian Han's creative genealogy, but another utopian writing after his film Going to the People, aiming to reconsider the disillusioned social ideal in the movie and a re-creation with the desire to fulfill the "unaccomplished" utopian ideal in the era of the People. It will first argue that by portraying the reservoir laborers' spiritual faces and the purpose and nature of their labors, Rhapsody of the Ming Tombs Reservoir responds to China's predicament of modernity during its industrialization and urbanization, with which Tian Han's early ideological resources, such as the Arcadia complex, Russian populism, and the Japanese New Village idea, failed to cope. Secondly, the writing about labor in Rhapsody of the Ming Tombs Reservoir is much alike with the utopian view of British socialist William Morris, a fact highly relevant with early Tian Han's translation and acceptation of Morris's artistic socialism. With reference to the artistic value of building reservoir, Rhapsody of the Ming Tombs Reservoir keeps depicting the seemingly trivial details of the laborers' clothing, appearance and body so as to imagine a society in which the relations of production and of labor, and the class conflicts can undergo structural changes that finally bestow upon the working people a life of dignity, joy, health and art.