- 期刊
業餘主義潰敗因素之分析
A Study of the Factors of the End of the Amateurism
摘要
業餘主義是過去現代奧運會的最高道德要求，然而在1984年的洛杉磯奧運會之後，開始走向商業贊助和開放職業運動員之路，業餘規定廢除，業餘主義時代告終。終止業餘主義的最後一擊是經濟問題，但是否存在著其它方面的潰敗因素，則是另一個值得探究的課題。據此，本文擬從「業餘主義的起源與論述」、「業餘主義的缺陷」等兩個課題來探討此一問題，並採用文獻分析法來進行研究，研究的資料範圍限定在國際奧會和學者對業餘主義的闡釋上。本研究獲致以下之結論：業餘主義原是英、美國家做為資本階級者和勞工階級的劃分依據，經古柏坦的借用和轉化，成為一種純粹為運動（Sports）而運動的心態，並認為這是運動（Sports）裡面最重要而有價值的原素。然而，這樣的原始設計，並不適用於後來高競爭氛圍下的運動比賽，一旦與之遭遇，造成其潰敗的因素乃逐漸顯現。此一潰敗因素，筆者認為有下列：一．主張業餘主義的有無，是奧運會的生存與否的關鍵。將古代奧運會滅亡的源頭歸結於金錢的介入，因此強烈主張業餘的必要性。二．認為業餘原則可以被有效的規範。只要透過國家奧會的審查，以及宣誓儀式的舉辦，就可以保證運動員的業餘身分。三．強調業餘身分可以保證運動（Sports）的道德感。認為職業運動員為了錢而從事運動（Sports）是一種惡；業餘運動員為興趣而從事運動（Sports），因此有較高的人格和道德。上述的認知並沒有強有力的理論和事實來支持，因此當經濟問題主導了奧運會的生存時，業餘主義也就毫無招架之力地順勢而倒，一變而為歷史陳跡。
並列摘要
The amateurism was a symbol of the highest ethic of the Modern Olympic Games. But after the Los Angeles Olympic Games in 1984, the Olympic Games opened to the business sponsors and professional athletes, and the amateurism was ended. The essential factor of the end of the amateurism was economy, but had something else? I thought it was a good point and worthy to study. This study analyzed the discussing about the Amateurism which Olympic Committee and some researchers have presented. The writer summarized this article and concluded as follows: The original amateurism was a classification between the capital and the laborer. Pierre de Coubertin borrowed it and changed its meaning, became a mental state for purely participate in Sports. And thought it was the best value of the Sports. But, this original thought of Coubertin was not proper to the atmosphere of the higher level competition of today. And the essential factors of the end of the Amateurism were apparent. The writer thought following factors were the reasons why the amateurism was end:1. To recognize the amateurism was the essential factor of the existence of the Olympic Games.2. To thought the ”Eligibility code” of amateurism can be work.3. To believe the amateurism could ensure the athlete's ethic in Sports and his or her live.Because myths above, while the Olympic Games step by step to the higher competition but the amateurism gradually far from the fact. Finally, it was eliminated and became a history.