- 期刊
家奠弔祭儀制發微
Interpretation of Sacrificial Ceremony in Ancient Chinese Family
摘要
祀祭喪葬文化在中國古代繁縟的禮節儀制中佔有十分重要的地位，即所謂「國之大事，在祀與戎」，喪葬制度以禮教符號爲載體，將個體的哀痛情感內化爲文字以試圖對死亡這一永恆概念進行審視和對話，通過禮教來對弔祭程式進行點綴，使得喪亡的個體生命在「禮制」層面上存活於弔祭者內心成爲了可能。家奠是諸多祭祀儀制中的一種，它受到「昭穆制」與「祭不越望」觀念的影響，並以「五服」與特定的祭禮程序作爲點綴，對它起源與儀制程式的考證，可以探求古人在祭祀中的細微心理，從中可以得出，家奠弔祭儀制應當是諸多繁雜禮儀中個體情感最爲真切的一種，與此同時，本文從已有的文獻資料中高度提煉出家奠弔祭的一般程式，有助於我們對古代生死哲學的探頤。在本文餘論中，亦揭示出古代家祭對現代社會人文觀念之影響。
並列摘要
The culture of sacrificial ceremony has an important place in the elaborate rituals of ancient China, because sacrificial ceremony and war were regarded as the greatest events at that time. By borrowing ethical code as its carrier, the funeral system converts individual's feeling of sorrow into words in an attempt to make a careful look at and a dialogue with the eternal concept of death. The procedure of mourning is also embellished by the ethical code, which makes it possible that the dead individuals still live in the heart of those in mourning on the ”etiquette” level. Among many sacrificial ceremonies, family ceremony, adorned with the ”System of Five Costumes” (五服) and some specified sacrificial procedures, is influenced by ”Zhao Mu Zhi” (昭穆制) and the concept of ”Sacrifices Limited to Local Areas” (祭不越望). Making a research on its origin and rituals, we found the subtle mentality of ancient people in sacrificial ceremony, and thus deduced that family ceremony was characterized with the most genuine feelings. By highly extracting the general procedures of family sacrificial and mourning ceremony based on the existing documents and materials, this article throws light on the philosophy of life and death in ancient China, and reveals the influence of ancient family sacrificial ceremony on the concept of humanities in modern society.