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Chronology and Origins of Pottery in Northern Luzon, the Philippines, from the Late Neolithic to the Metal Age
菲律賓呂宋島北部陶器的年代和起源，從新石器時代晚期到金屬器時代
摘要
My excavation of the Catugan shell midden site in Cagayan, northern Luzon, Philippines, revealed five well-stratified layers. I conducted layer-by-layer comparative studies of the excavated pottery against two additional shell midden sites to confirm the sequencing of pottery from the Late Neolithic to the Metal Age in the stratified layers of the Catugan shell midden site. For the Late Neolithic period remains, I compared those found at the Catugan shell midden site and the Magapit shell midden site, verifying the contemporaneity of the pottery from Layer V of the Catugan shell midden site and the pottery from the upper part of Layer V of the Magapit shell midden site. For the Metal Age remains, I compared those found at the Catugan shell midden site and the Bangag I shell midden site, determining the contemporaneity of the pottery from Layer IV of the Catugan shell midden site and the pottery from Layer XI of the Bangag I shell midden site. The established sequence shows the dominance of red-slipped pottery during the Late Neolithic period and the dominance of the black and brown pottery during the Metal Age. Hung indicated that the red-slipped pottery in Cagayan, northern Luzon developed from a late stage in the evolution of fine cord-marked pottery found in eastern Taiwan (Hung 2005: 109). The origin of the black pottery in Cagayan, however, has not previously been properly discussed. I suggest that one possible origin for the black pottery is southwestern Taiwan, based on a herringbone-shaped decoration made by short incisions represented in the Fengpitou site. I also discuss the drastic apparent change from Late Neolithic to Metal Age pottery. This change was likely a result of modifications to interactions between eastern Taiwan and northern Luzon after the eruption of Mt. Iraya on Batan Island. Evidence of this volcanic eruption is indicated by the thick deposit of volcanic ash on top of the Neolithic layer containing red-slipped pottery at the Sunget site in the middle of Batan Island. The green beads of pseudo-jade from a local source found in Layer II of the Magapit shell midden site are also thought to be a reflection of this change. My findings suggest that the decrease in the number of sites in the lower reaches of the Cagayan River during the Magapit period is related to the increase in shell distributions from Locations 1 to 5 on the Magapit hill, and thick shell deposits up to 5.6 m at the hilltop site of the Magapit shell midden. In other words, people moved from the lowland areas along the river to the hilly areas at Magapit, likely due to a change in the environment of the Cagayan River, such as a flood, and the greater variety of pottery decorations found in the upper layers of the Magapit shell midden site reflects this phenomenon.
並列摘要
筆者在菲律賓呂宋島北部卡加延的Catugan貝丘遺址發掘時發現了五個分層良好的地層。本文將其出土的陶器與另外兩個貝丘遺址進行了逐層比較研究，以確認從新石器時代晚期到金屬器時代Catugan貝丘分層中陶器的順序。對於新石器時代晚期的遺存，筆者比較了Catugan貝丘遺址和Magapit貝丘遺址，驗證了Catugan貝丘第五層的陶器和Magapit貝丘第五層上部的陶器的同時性。對於金屬器時代遺留，筆者比較了Catugan貝丘和Bangag I貝丘的發現，確定了Catugan貝丘第四層的陶器和Bangag I貝丘第十一層的陶器的同時性。本研究建立的序列顯示了新石器時代晚期紅衣陶的主導地位，和金屬器時代黑褐色陶的主導地位。洪曉純曾指出，呂宋島北部卡加延的紅衣陶器是由臺灣東部發現的細繩紋陶器演化的後期發展起來的（Hung 2005：109）。然而，卡加延黑陶的起源過去並沒有被適當的討論。筆者認為基於鳳鼻頭遺址中短刻劃的人字形裝飾，黑陶的一個可能來源是台灣島西南部。本文還討論了從新石器時代晚期到金屬器時代陶器的劇烈明顯變化。這種改變可能是巴丹島伊拉雅火山噴發後，臺灣東部和呂宋島北部之間的互動發生變化的結果。這次火山噴發的證據昭示於巴丹島中部Sunget遺址的新石器時代含紅衣陶器的地層上厚實的火山灰沉積物。在Magapit貝丘第二層中，當地原料製成的綠色假玉質珠，也被認為是這種變化的反映。筆者的研究結果表明，Magapit時期卡加延河下游遺址數量的減少，與Magapit山丘上一至五號地點的貝類分佈增加，以及丘頂厚達5.6公尺的Magapit貝丘的堆積有關。換句話說，可能由於卡加延河的環境發生變化，例如洪水，人們從沿河的低地遷移到Magapit丘陵地區。Magapit貝丘遺址上層發現的陶器裝飾種類繁多，反映了這種現象。