- 期刊
海牙信託公約之法律適用法則
The Law Applicable to Trusts of Hague Trusts Convention
摘要
「海牙信託公約」係規範有書面爲憑據之意定信託，包括契約信託（生前意定信託）及遺囑信託；「海牙信託公約」之法律適用法則，係以當事人（委託人）意思自主爲原則，尊重委託人創設信託關係時明示或默示選定準據法之正當合法意願，於當事人意思欠缺、委託人選定之準據法不具備信託法制或欠缺委託人意欲創設之特定信託類型時，則以最密切牽連原則作爲輔助之選法基礎，承審法院欲確定與信託有最密切牽連之法律，應特別考慮：一、委託人指定之信託管理地；二、信託財產所在地；三、受託人之居住地或營業地；四、信託本旨與信託本旨實現地等因素。惟若依「海牙信託公約」所確定準據法之適用結果，與法庭地重大公共政策相衝突，法庭地仍得拒絕執行該信託關係或拒絕承認外國信託之效力。 我國現行法尚無跨國信託法律適用之明文，在立法制定跨國信託法律適用規範前，法院若承審跨國信託爭議事件，得認現行法規範欠缺，透過涉外民事法律適用法第30條「過橋條款」的適用，將「海牙信託公約」之規定與內涵，解釋爲該條所稱之法理而適用之。同時，在不違背法庭地重大公共政策之前提下，法院在操作最密切牽連原則時，應以實現委託人正當合法意願爲首要考量。
並列摘要
The Convention of 1 July 1985 on the Law Applicable to Trusts and on Their Recognition (Hague Trusts Convention) was enacted to establish common provisions on the law applicable to trusts and to deal with the most important issues concerning the recognition of trusts The Hague Trusts Convention describes the trust as the legal relationship created, inter vivos or on death, by a person, the settlor, when assets have been placed under the control of a trustee for the benefit of a beneficiary or for a specified purpose. The primary conflicts rule of the Hague Trusts Convention follows the doctrine of party autonomy, i. e., a trust is governed by the law chosen by the settlor, in default of such a demonstrable choice it is governed by the law with which it is most closely connected. The ascertainment of the most closely connected law involves making reference in particular to the place of administration of the trust, the situs of the assets of the trust, the place of residence of the trustee, and the objects of the trust and the places where they are to be fulfilled. The governing law regulates the trust, its construction, effect, and administration; but gives way to mandatory and conflicts rules of the lex fori, and to public policy. As long as trusts conflicts rule remains unprovided within Taiwan's Private International Law system, the author of this article is of the opinion that the Hague Trusts Convention conflicts rules for express trust could be introduced into Taiwan for references via the application of Article 30 of Act on Application of Laws in Civil Matters Involving Foreign Elements (ROC Private International Law). The author further recommend that the courts, when ascertaining the proper law of a given transnational trust case, lay emphasis on the most influencing consideration-the fulfillment of the settlor's justified expectation, which obviously being the prevailing substantive value of express trusts.