憲法解釋對土地法制之影響分析：以地權與地籍法制為中心

Impact Analysis of Legal Institution of Interpretation of the Constitution on Land Law in Taiwan-Based on the Property Rights and Land Register

陳明燦(Ming-Tsann Chen)

《財產法暨經濟法》 6期 (2006/06) Pp. 1-36

摘要

隨著不動產價值之日漸提高，其相關權利人對此一財產權保障意識亦日益高漲，以釋字第一號至第六○○號解釋爲例，以不動產爲解釋客體者（包括稅制），已累計相當數量，因此，有必要予以探究其對現行不動產法制之影響，但因礙於篇幅，茲謹以地權與地籍法制爲例予以分析，經本文分析可獲致下述 兩點結論，以供主管機關修法之參考：
一、在物權與地權法制方面
首先在釋－○七方面，有鑑於土地之「登載內容」與「真實狀態」必須相符，才能降低其交易成本（例如舉證成本與風險成本等），故不動產「已登記」之內涵宜採「限縮解釋」亦即以「真正權利人已登記者」爲限。在釋一一九方面，鑑於土地上同種類物權併存之設定有增加之勢，地政機關對其價值估算以及登記技術，應預先研擬配套措施以爲因應。至於在釋三四九方面，如何調整現行登記制度或者鬆綁「物權法定主義」以因應「債權物權化」日漸重要之趨勢，亦屬重要課題。最後在釋四○八方面，對於耕地使用內容實不應以土地法之規範爲準（蓋其條文多屬具文），此亦點出主管機關應儘速修定之必要性。
二、在土地地籍法制方面
憲法相關解釋僅有六則，首先在釋三七四方面，雖然應確保相鄰土地所有權人之訴訟權，但亦不應忽視「法安定性」以及土地肩負「公共財」之特性。最於在釋六○○方面，建物區分所有權共用部分之權屬以及分派，攸關其所有人權益至鉅，關於其規範實應謹守「法律優越原則」。

關鍵字

土地法 ； 物權 ； 地籍 ； 法律經濟分析 ； 大法官解釋

並列摘要

By the increase value of real estate in Taiwan, its property becomes the one of the most important issues for owner. It can be approved with increasing quantity of interpretations of the Constitution of the Judicial Yuan. Therefore, it's necessary for this article to analyze its impact on the currant land law (restricted on the property rights and land register) as well as respective institutions. After analyzing, the following finding can be proposed for the authorities.
1. To property rights and land law
In No. 107, the content of land registration must be consistent with its fact. In this regard, the definition of the ”registered” of real estate shall be based on the ”narrow” aspect. To No. 408, for example, the content of farmland shall be defined according to the ”Regional Planning Act”. At last, to No. 119, because of increasing types of property right of real estate, the respective measurements (such as value appraise technique) shall be established by the land administration authority.
2. To cadastral right
In No. 374, although the appeal right of land owner must be protected according to the Constitution, the principle of ”security of law” and the special character of land resource shall be taken into consideration. At last, to No.600, the right of co-owner in the so-called ”condominium” shall be allocated carefully. Especially, the principle of ”law priority” must be followed in respective regulations.

並列關鍵字

Land Law ； Property Rights ； Land Register ； Economic Analysis to the Law ； Interpretations of the Judicial Yuan