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Gender Stereotypes in the English-Chinese Dictionary: A Case Study on Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English
英漢字典中的性別角色定型：以“牛津高級英英英漢雙解辭典”爲例
摘要
英語會被稱爲男性語言(man-made language)，其單字、文法、語意上均含有語言性別歧視(Maggio, 1987)。語言與性別方面的相關研究指出男性在英語字上佔有優勢，Spender (1985)亦指出語言性別歧視將影響文化模式的形成。相關研究多著重於英文報紙、雜誌、電視廣告、戲劇、文學，但字典上的語言性別歧視之研究卻極爲缺乏。 本文主要探討英漢字典中兩性角色如何被定型。此研究應用量化的內容分析法和質化研究法來分析資料。資料來自英漢字典中十個字母下的例句，經整理、分析及歸類，結果顯示：例句中使用男性的辭句爲使用女性辭句的四倍；另外例句中女性通常被描寫爲弱、病、情緒化，男性則常被定型爲酗酒、罪犯等負面形象，然而也被描寫爲智慧、勇敢、成功的。未來在字典的例句中，兩性的形象應更平等且正面的呈現出來。
並列摘要
English has been called the man-made language which contains linguistic sexism in its vocabulary, grammar, and semantics (Maggio, 1987). Research on language and sex has confirmed that males have some advantages over words in the English language According to Spender (1985), sexism in language enhances the position of males, and males base control over the production of cultural forms through language. Many researchers have tried to find out the gender stereotypes in English newspaper, magazines, TV commercials and soap operas, and literature. But little research is clone in the area of the dictionary. Dictionary is supposed to be objective and accurate; however, gender stereotypes still can he found in its word explanations and exemplary sentences. This study investigates the gender stereotypes found in the exemplary sentences in the English-Chinese dictionary. A quantitative content analysis and a qualitative inquiry were performed to examine the data. The illustrative sentences from ten letters (A, B, C, I, J, K, W, X, Y and X) in a dictionary are collected, analyzed, and categorized. The results show that sentences with masculine words outnumbered sentences with feminine words by nearly 4 to 1. In addition, the stereotypes for both genders are demonstrated with selected exemplary sentences. The results show that women are often stereotyped as weak, sick, and emotional; whereas men are described as wise, brave, and successful. How ever, males are also stereotyped as alcoholics and criminals. In the future, both genders need to be equally presented in an unstereotyped dictionary.