- 期刊
運動參賽的「分離－中介－整合」
Preliminary Research on "Separation-liminality-Aggregation" Participating in Competition
摘要
在運動領域中，選手們日復一日、年復一年的接受運動訓練，過程的艱辛除了身體上的鍛鍊外，面對反覆性的訓練更是心理上的挑戰，而這一切的付出，皆是爲了履行運動員在競賽場上的天職－競爭。而接受訓練，投入競賽，再接受訓練，再投入競賽，似乎也成爲了運動員生涯中不斷反覆操作的週期。法國人類學家Arnold Van Gennep，於二十世紀初在對不同種族的文化儀式共同觀察下，提出通過儀式(rites de passage)的概念，指出人類社會文化中伴隨著每一次地點、狀況、社會地位，以及年齡的改變而舉行的儀式，區分爲三個階段：一是分離(separation)階段，二是邊緣(margin)階段（或稱爲中介、閾限階段），三是整合(aggregation)階段。筆者試圖以此爲研究背景，並透過人類學家Victor Turner 對儀式過程的中介狀態概念，來對運動選手從投入訓練到參與比賽，再回到訓練生活的過程，是否爲一個儀式性的歷程，及在比賽過程中的意義做一個初步的探究。選手們在「訓練－比賽－再訓練」之歷程經歷著他們的運動生涯，似乎將參與比賽視爲一種提升自我的儀式過程，而在參與比賽這樣的儀式過程中，教練、選手們在比賽結束後，往往能透過「比賽」這樣的中介階段進行反思、超越、轉換並創造著文化的意義，因此回到訓練生活，會有一種不同於未參加比賽前的感受。
並列摘要
In the athletic world, every sportsperson undergoes sport training day after day, year after year. Besides the physical tests from this stringent process, athletes also face the psychological challenges from repetitive exercises. All these hard work are to fulfill athlete's true duty in the stadium-to compete. Training, competition, more training, and then more competition have already become the repetitious operating cycle in an athlete's career. After observing cultural rituals from various races in the early 20(superscript th) century, French anthropologist, Arnold Van Gennep had developed the ”rite de passage” concept. The concept pointed out that in human cultural society, ceremonies performed at incidents, such as location alteration, changes in situation, social status shifts, and/or aging transformation, can be divided into three stages: 1. stage of separation, 2. stage of margin (a.k.a. liminality stage), and 3. stage of aggregation (Arnold Van Gennep, 1909). Van Gennep formed the basis of his research on the three conceptual stages and incorporated theory of ”threshold stage” from anthropologist, Victor Turner, to further examine how athletes view the repetitive training and competition cycles as a ritual ceremony and the effect on the competition itself. Athletes endure the cycle of ”training-competition-re-training” throughout their sporting career, as if they treat each contest like a ceremonial platform to self-improve. By participating in such ceremonies, trainers, as well as athletes can always reflect, surpass, transcend, and even create more meaningful cultural behavior; hence, when returning to the daily trainings, a different feeling derives comparing to before entering the competition.