- 期刊
餘音繞樑兩百年—二十世紀後的貝多芬《快樂頌》
Lingering on for Two Hundred Years: Beethoven's ＂An Die Freude＂ in the 20^(th) century
摘要
貝多芬第九號交響曲《合唱》，至今餘音繞梁兩百年，從一張張的經典錄音中，更像是一條線索，窺探出這些唱片中的每個世代的歷史縮影：大戰前後蘇聯瓦解、東歐變天、德國統一，百廢待舉。遙想18世紀的「啟蒙主義」標榜人類生而平等，民主思潮猶如星火燎原、勢不可擋。其中的第四樂章《快樂頌》就是在一片「自由、平等、博愛」的希望中所寫下的音樂史詩，之後也成了古典音樂領域中，不朽的最大公約數，演出次數一直居高不下。從二次大戰前的78轉，到45轉及33 1/3轉分別由1948年及1949年興起，到1980年代雷射唱片的問世，從早年的留聲機到現在的數位化音響，也見證了不同的歷史演進。這股「啟蒙主義」的火炬在進入二十世紀以後持續延燒，在二次大戰後更被改編為《歐洲之歌》。適逢2017年貝多芬誕辰190年，本文先以研究此交響曲終樂章《快樂頌》的時代意義切入，再將19家有發行過《第九交響曲》的唱片公司逐一說明，再來挑選灌錄這部作品三次以上的四位指揮家及四位古樂指揮家，佐以最早期、最近期及其他具時代意義的錄音及展演，來加強研究的全面性。探究出這首作品的因時制宜的藝術性所產生出不同的音樂美學及文化意識，包括各版本演出的目的、音樂詮釋、錄音技術、唱片市場演變等等方面，分門別類在文中論述。
並列摘要
Beethoven's 9^(th) symphony Choral has remained lingering on for two hundred years. From 78 rpm during World War II, 45 rpm in 1948 and 33 1/3 rpm in 1949, to CD in 1980, and from phonograph to digital stereo, recordings of this work bear witness to the trajectory of world history. For example, hardship before the two World Wars, the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the drastic political change of Eastern Europe and German reunification. In the 18^(th) century, it was declared that all men are created equal during the Enlightenment Movement, and thoughts of democracy spread like a wildfire. The finale movement, ＂An Die Freude,＂ of the 9^(th) symphony was composed to celebrate beliefs of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. Since then, it has become one of the most well-known classical pieces. Through the dissemination of An Die Freude, the torch of the Enlightenment movement is still burning continuously in the 20^(th) century, and its theme melody has become the European Union Anthem after World War II. To celebrate Beethoven's 190^(th) birthday. this article begins with a discussion of the historical significance of ＂An die Freude,＂ and then the author will explore different recorded versions of this finale movement. By so doing, the author aims to gain a comprehensive understanding of aesthetic and cultural dimensions of this work as well as its related technological and commercial contexts.