- 期刊
- OpenAccess
康有為戊戌變法時期的日本觀－以《日本變政考》為考察中心
Kang Yu-wei's Observation of Japan during WuXu Political Reform-An Investigation from<Japanese Political Reform Textual Research>
摘要
甲午戰爭一役，堂堂天朝爲蕞爾日本小國擊敗，一般知識分子領悟到中國與日本同樣模仿西洋，而結果卻不同。因明治維新而成功地走入強兵富國之林的日本，實現了康有爲由據亂世、昇平世走向太平世，朝大同世界邁進的政治藍圖，日本的變革之道成了康有爲變法的教本，托古改制便自然轉向托日改制的形式。康有爲蒐集日本明治維新相關書籍，附著其政治意識加工完成的《日本變政考》，旨在進呈光緒皇帝以爲變法，是康有爲懷抱弦烈政治意義與目的所完成的政書，本文依此書考察戊戌變法時期康有爲的日本觀。康有爲認爲日本維新成功完全取決於明治天皇施行新政，以爲如日本實行由上而下的改革模式，便能建設君主立憲的現代國家，忽略了日本由倒幕運動到明治維新政府產生的過程因素。改革則局限在制度面，未能掌握日本從鎖國到接受西方思想的進程，以及以西學爲根據的立憲精神，亦無視於明治政府確立國體意識型態的一連串措施，以及神道思想所發揮的教化、統合功能。光緒皇帝於維新期間所頒布有關變革的勅論，雖然採納了康有爲的建言，然而在開設國會、設置制度局，及憲法的制定等要項，卻無一納入考量，未能完成康有爲借鏡日本政治改革的根本要求。
並列摘要
In Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, a dynasty with imperial dignity was defeated by a tiny little Japan. The intellectuals in China realized that China was different from Japan, although they both tried to imitate the Western ways; and yet, the outcomes differed. Because of Meiji Restoration, Japan entered the group of nations with strong military power and abundant wealth. It accomplished Kang Yu-wei's political blueprints that seize the power in trouble times, ascent to make a leveled condition and then finally come to a peaceful age when there is no dispute in the world. Japanese transformation became Kang's textbook of political reform; his ideas of system change took shape according to Japanese ways. Kang collected books with reference to Japanese Meiji Restoration and he finished his Japanese Political Reform Textual Research to present to Emperor Guang Xu for political reform, which is a policy documents with strong political perspectives and goals. This paper investigated Kang's observation of Japan during WuXu Political Reform from the standpoint of Japanese Political Reform Textual Research. Kang believed that the success of Meiji Restoration was completely decided by Emperor Meiji's administration of new policies. He suggested that a modern country with constitutional monarch could be established if there was a reform model from top down; however, he neglected the history background in Japan when they overthrew shogun and established the new government of Meiji Restoration. His reform was limited to the system change without grasping Japan's progress from the time when they closed the country away from international contacts to the time when they finally accepted western influences. He paid little attention on the fact that Japanese constitutional spirit was based on Western teaching; and he ignored there were a series of measures that Meiji Government took for establishing national ideology, and also the Shinto played a big role of teaching and integrating the society. Emperor GuangXu ordered the reform on several issues except the most important items such as congress, Bureau of system and constitution. It did not meet the fundamental request of Kang's suggestions in terms of borrowing Japanese experiences of political reform.