- 期刊
政治犯思想改造－白色恐怖時期感化教育初探
Political Prisoners' Ideological Transformation - A Probe into Probation Education in the White Terror Period
摘要
民國38年（1949），中國共產黨人民解放軍以摧枯拉朽的氣勢擊潰中華民國國軍而席捲整個中國，由中國國民黨(以下簡稱國民黨)所統轄的中華民國政府不得不潰撤到臺灣。潰敗到臺灣後，有鑒於在中國統治的失敗，除加速與美國的軍事連結，串連起防共島鏈，以防堵「共產陣營」勢力的擴張之外，在臺灣的一連串改革外，對內國民黨認為情治機關對社會的控制還不夠，便將互鬥中的情治系統加以整合，由總統府機要室資料組統轄所有特務系統。特務體系便透過佈線、監聽、建立黑名單、互相監視、殺雞儆猴、暗殺等各種方式，讓臺灣成為人人自危的社會，以便於政府的強力控制。還透過「戒嚴法」、「檢肅匪諜條例」等相關法令的，建立嚴密的「保密防諜」監控網，對任何有「共產黨」嫌疑之秘密組織及任何反對蔣家政權及國民黨統治的勢力或個人，施以最嚴厲的打擊，這即是臺灣史上所謂的「白色恐怖時期」。在「白色恐怖」時期，中國國民黨高舉「反共抗俄」政策，一切以「反攻大陸，消滅共產黨」為最高指導原則，因此如何在人民心中形塑「保密防諜」監控網以及「共產黨」罪大惡極的形象，可說是情治單位與學校的首要任務。「保密防諜」工作經過數年的宣導與推動後，果真發揮了極大之功效，在接下來的數十年間，各學校和機關設立了監控人民思想的情報監控網（即人二單位），而一般人心中亦樹立起「匪諜就在你身邊」、「檢舉匪諜人人有責」、「心中的小警總」、「消滅萬惡共匪」等諜影幢幢之自我防衛心網。連坐式的「保密防諜」網絡一旦建構完備便是牢固難破，而這種滅匪防共的機制不僅成為執政當局打擊政治異己的利器，製造了諸多冤錯假獄的慘案發生，更禁錮了人民心靈及思想自由。另一方面，對於這些遭捕的入獄監禁的匪嫌人犯或政治犯，除施以長期監禁方式將之與社會隔離外，還須以思想改造工作來改變他們的靈魂，以免這些人的有毒思想再回到社會，影響了執政當局的統治穩定性。這樣的思想改造工作，幾乎每一位入獄監禁的匪嫌人犯或政治犯都必須於出獄前實施，直到情治當局核可改造成功後方得釋放，這種思想改造的措施就稱作「感化教育」。「感化教育」不及格者，縱然以服完刑期，還是無法出獄返家，必須繼續接受「感化教育」，且當局得不斷延長「感化教育」的期限。白色恐怖初期，政治犯在軍法判刑確定後，會直接送到綠島新生訓導處去執行刑期及政治思想改造工作，刑滿後由新生訓導處考核悔悟成效，有悛悔成效者送土城「臺灣省生產教育實驗所」執行最後的思想改造與考核工作，沒有悔悟成效者就送小琉球留訓或留訓綠島新生訓導處。這種精神折磨對諸多受難者而言，仍是揮不去的夢靨。回首這段悲劇，再與目前國共和解合作的現勢相較，當年因涉及「共產黨」因素而慘遭槍決、禁錮及迫害之人民，其悲慘下場，不僅令人唏噓，也讓人對多變的國共關係所造成的傷害，不以為然。坐牢的意義，對政治犯來說，豈僅是有形的囹圄！他們坐牢坐得心不甘情不願，過橋落帆，簷下低頭，行為語言不得不盡量配合；揚眉固可表示吐氣，舉手未必意味投降。再說，政治犯是當然的政治受難者，政治受難者卻未必全是政治犯；而政治受難者中的大多數，不是冤獄！就是莫名其妙的媾陷！本研究以新近發現的官方與情治單位出版品為主，試圖還原臺灣白色恐怖時期政治犯思想改造單位「臺灣省生產教育實驗所」的成立及其思想改造工作。為轉型正義公作還原部分歷史的真相。
並列摘要
During the White Terror Period, the suspects or political prisoners who were imprisoned and imprisoned for arrest were subject to long-term imprisonment to isolate them from the society. They must also change their souls through ideological reforms to avoid the return of these people’s poisonous thoughts. To society, it affected the ruling stability of the ruling authorities. In this kind of ideological reform work, almost every prisoner or political prisoner imprisoned and imprisoned must be released before the release of the prison, and it cannot be released until the intelligence unit has approved the transformation. This ideological reform measure is called ＂improved education.＂. Those who failed the ＂probation education＂ were unable to get out of prison even if they had served their sentences. They must continue to receive ＂probation education,＂ and the authorities can continue to extend the period of ＂probation education.＂ In the early days of the White Terrorism, political prisoners were sent directly to the Green Island Freshman Training Office to implement the prison term and political and ideological reforms after the sentencing of the military law was determined. Upon completion of the punishment, the rehearsal effect was evaluated by the Freshman Training Office. ＂Taiwan Provincial Institute of Production Education＂ implemented the final ideological reforms and assessments. Those who have not repented on their achievements sent Xiaoxiaoqiu to aggravate the training punishment. This kind of spiritual torture is still a lingering nightmare for many victims. The meaning of jail, for political prisoners, is only visible! They are unwilling and unwilling to sit in jail, behavioral language has to cooperate as much as possible, but raising their hands does not necessarily mean surrender. Moreover, political prisoners are certainly political victims. Political victims may not all be political prisoners. Most of the political victims are not prisoners! It is inexplicable framed!