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語言中多個否定字並用的語法現象－以西班牙語、英語、漢語為例－
The Grammatical Phenomenon in Multiple Negatives: A Case Study of Spanish, English, and Chinese
摘要
邏輯學上雙重否定負負得正的概念並不一定適用在語言上。本篇論文，我們先找出在西班牙語有出現兩個或多個否定字的句子，究竟它們所表達的意思會是肯定還是否定的？再者，兩個或三個否定字出現在句子裡仍然表達否定的意思，這是否意味著這個語言，自己本身有其特殊的語法現象？中文和英文的否定現象我們會透過翻譯的句子來研究其可能的語法現象。語言中我們表達拒絕、否定，若不是直截了當的反對，而是婉轉的拒絕，通常會用較多的字來表達。例如：「我不能不說」，不等於「我一定得說」。再拿身高來說，如果我們描述一個人不高，並不是完全否定身材高大這個概念，它可以有很多種情況，像是：比較不高，或者不高不矮，但不會想要說人很矮。漢語裡雙重否定有產生中性的概念，例如：不高不矮、不胖不瘦、不疾不徐。也有表達肯定的意思：例如：不慌不忙、不屈不撓。還有仍然否定的意思，例如：不聞不問、不眠不休。以上所言我們都將在本篇論文探討。
並列摘要
In logic, the concept of double negation, that is, two negatives make a positive, cannot be applied to all languages. In this paper, we first diagnose sentences that have two or more negative words in Spanish and investigate whether they express a positive or negative meaning. Furthermore, we observe when there are two or three negative words in a positive or negative sentence that definitely expresses a negative meaning, does this mean that this language has its own special grammatical phenomenon? Also we will study the possible syntactic negative phenomenon in Chinese and in English based on Spanish sentences. When we express rejection and negation, if it is not a straightforward objection, but a tactful rejection, we usually use more words to express it. For example: ＂I can't help but say＂ does not mean ＂I have to say＂. Taking stature for another example, if we describe a person who is not tall, we do not completely negate the concept of husky figure. It may contains many different ideas, such as: relatively short, or not tall and not short, but we won't say that he is very short. In Chinese, double negation has a neutral connotation, such as: not tall or short (不高不矮), not fat or thin (不胖不瘦), not fast or slow (不疾不徐). It can express not only affirmative meanings: for example: leisurely (不慌不忙) and indomitable (不屈不撓) but also negative meanings, such as: indifferent (不聞不問), sleepless(不眠不休). We will study all the above items in this paper.