伊朗對英俄兩國的外交困局（1909-1914）

20世紀初期至1914年的伊朗，正值憲政革命、內政混亂時期，外交情勢也不樂觀，尤其是面對英國與俄國的影響力。1907年，英俄兩國簽署協定，在伊朗劃分了勢力範圍，除了互不干預之外，也同意不干涉伊朗事務。不過，隨局勢發展，英俄對伊朗態度逐漸改變。英國在伊朗西南部發現石油，深感穩固該區域利益之重要性，對於伊朗北部政治中心之事務，越加不願涉入，反之俄國與伊朗政治中心相近，俄國必須確保，伊朗的局勢變化不會產生負面影響。1909年之後，伊朗國王年幼，由攝政輔佐，但攝政軟弱；而憲政政府致力排除英俄影響力，伊朗國會欲找外籍財政顧問，卻不願接受英俄建議的人選。1911年，伊朗選擇美國的財務專家修斯特，進行財政改革。修斯特欲指派英國軍官史托克斯進行改革工作，俄國卻認為史托克斯若在伊朗的俄國勢力範圍工作，等同於英國對俄國的干預行為，遂對伊朗國會施壓要撤除修斯特職務。直至一次大戰爆發之際，英國深入了伊朗西南區域，開發石油、鐵路，多過於對伊朗政局之關注，反而俄國箝制了伊朗的政治發展。

關鍵字

伊朗； 1907英俄協定；修斯特；史托克斯；一次世界大戰

並列摘要

Iran's foreign relations were deeply affected by Britain and Russia. In 1907, an Anglo-Russian convention was signed in 1907 in which the two powers had their own sphere of influence in Iran. In addition, Britain and Russia all agreed to reach understandings in Iranian affairs. After 1909, the Iranian government, suffering from its financial difficulty, rejected financial advisors by Britain and Russia. An American financial expert, Morgan Shuster, was chosen by the Iranian Majles. However, Shuster's assignment to a British officer, Claude Stokes, owing to his knowledge on Iran, for Iran's financial reform, made Russia outraged. To the Russians, the British possibly would strengthen its power in Russia's sphere of influence in Iran by Stokes. When Russia pressed on the withdrawal of Shuster in 1911, the Iranian Regent and Prime Minister accepted Russia's requests and dissolved the Majles. At the outbreak of the First World War, the British focused on south-west of Iran for discovery of oil and construction of Iranian railways, rather than Iran's political affairs, while Russia intervened in Iran's politics deeply.