元初蒙漢利益之爭－以朱清、張瑄海運際遇為例

元世祖忽必烈滅南宋之後，為解決北方糧食缺乏，面臨陸運運糧人力的調度，與漕運河道淤塞失修等問題。嘗試以海運，做為南糧北運的交通方式。此舉對蒙古內部而言，突破民族交通的慣性，對外部而言，整合蒙漢族群間技術交流。對於以陸路為主的元人，跨越蒙古草原性格本質，採取漢人主導的海運交通方式，凸顯海運運糧錯綜複雜的結構性問題。因時制宜的策訂，以成效極大化為宗旨的行政原則，呈現蒙古用人準則下，蒙漢民族身份的界線，以及利益問題產生的共構網絡。南宋人朱清與張瑄於元初的際遇，正好說明其中的特殊性。因此元初的海運與路運的轉折，正是蒙漢間橫跨海路領域的利益爭奪，同時顯現元初蒙古的統治靈活性。朱清、張瑄家族榮極盛衰的轉換過程，展示元初蒙漢間的利益糾葛，與權力更迭。然而，從蒙古人支持以海運行船，進行南糧北運政策，對於海洋資源的運用與開發，可謂重大的突破。

關鍵字

朱清；張瑄；元初；海運；南糧北運

並列摘要

After the Yuanshizu Kublai Khan defeated the Southern Song Dynasty, in order to solve the lack of grain in the north, it faced the dispatch of land transport and grain manpower, and the problem of siltation and repair of the canal road, and the use of sea transportation as a means of transportation for transporting southern grain to the north. For the land-based meta-persons, how to cross the nature of the Mongolian grassland, take the maritime transport mode, highlight the awareness of shipping as a means of transporting food. The strategy of maximizing the effectiveness shows the differences between the Mongolian and Chinese nationalities, the Mongolian attitude, and the differences between Mongolia and Han. The encounter between Zhu Qing in the Southern Song Dynasty and Zhang Yu in the early Yuan Dynasty just explained the particularity. Therefore, the turning point of shipping and road transportation at the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty was the competition for interests between Mongolia and Han across the sea, and at the same time, the flexibility of Mongolia's rule at the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty.